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Members of a non-profit organisation for wildlife conservation went to a school to ask for donations. While high school students were having their lunch break, the contact person of the #SaveThePandas movement showed them a video of a panda forced out of his habitat because it was going to be used for development purposes. The organisation’s founder, Barry, emphasised the importance of protecting pandas since conserving them means we’re also helping to maintain the rest of the ecosystem for the people and animals who rely on it. |
Barry: “Any amount is acceptable. The pandas will be saved by your compassionate hearts. If you don’t donate, you’re putting a panda’s life in jeopardy.”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Barry has made?
A. Barry was asking too much from high school students who are probably unemployed
B. Barry’s approach was to in asking for the donation by evoking pity from the audience and by pointing out a horrific fate should they do otherwise
C. The argument asserts a claim that must be accepted because no one else can prove otherwise
D. Barry’s statement is urging the students to accept the truth on blind faith just because he spoke it with so much conviction.
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Bree, a 40-year-old patient diagnosed with diabetes, was talking to her doctor about a study she read. According to the study, diabetes raises the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. It also indicates that people with diabetes have a higher risk of developing heart disease back when they were younger than when they get older. Bree never experienced heart diseases or complications when she was young. |
Bree: “Doc, I won’t be needing the further tests you requested to evaluate my heart. When I was younger, I had medical paperwork done to indicate that I was never diagnosed with a cardiac condition. I successfully passed that stage and that won’t be a problem moving forward.”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Bree has made?
A. Bree assumed that, because one thing happened after another, it must have occurred as a result of it.
B. Bree’s desire to save money from the additional expense of the tests will exacerbate her diabetes.
C. Bree’s argument draws an absolute conclusion about her current health condition from insufficient information that was drawn from a small sample size of a distant past event.
D. Bree’s noncompliance to the doctor’s orders only shows how stubborn she is as a patient.
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Mrs. Newly is Diluc’s English teacher. She is very strict. She also wears a lot of makeup every time she goes to class. One day, she showed up without any makeup on and was surprisingly nice to her students that day. |
Diluc: “Mrs. Newly is uncharacteristically kind to us today. Maybe she’s only mean when she has makeup on and she’s a good human being when she’s not wearing any.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Diluc has made?
A. He rushed to a conclusion about Mrs. Newly’s mood.
B. He based Mrs. Newly’s mood on whether she’s wearing makeup or not.
C. He was unclear about what he meant by the word “good.”
D. He based his conclusion on what all his classmates also observed.
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Matthew thought it would be a nice gesture to get his mum a necklace and a box of chocolates on Valentine’s day. He knew that many people were capitalising on the holiday, so he went to find sellers near him. As he was going through options online, he saw a post claiming that psychologists say that chocolates are ineffective for showing appreciation. Because of this, Ludwig said to himself, |
Matthew: “I am no longer going to buy my mom chocolates because psychologists say that it is an ineffective way and I don’t want her to feel that I care less about her.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in the argument above?
A. Matthew focused on a different subject rather than the main topic being discussed.
B. Matthew chose to focus on two extremes even though there are a lot of possible reasons to solve his dilemma.
C. Matthew’s conclusion about chocolates is based entirely on the opinions of unnamed psychologists rather than any real evidence.
D. The psychologist’s opinion is based only on a few samples.
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Katie prefers to read rather than engage in any kind of physical activity. Her peers make fun of her reading habits and label her as a “nerd”. Katie reduces her reading time and increases her participation in athletics. |
Katie: “From now on, I look forward to playing tennis with my pals more than I do reading books.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Katie has made?
A. There is some evidence that reading books will make one a nerd.
B. Since her pals are more interested in sports than reading books, they could do good in sports.
C. Katie’s friends love to play tennis.
D. As far as physical activity is concerned, Katie is hopelessly unmotivated.
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The famous membership grocery store, Le Craquement, is the go-to grocery stop for celebrities, businessmen, businesswomen, and people who are regarded with VIP status. However, it is untrue that Le Craquement is exclusive to a few people only. In fact, anyone can buy here as long as they pay the membership fee. |
Betty: “To shop here, I’d have to become a star or a businesswoman. When is that going to happen?”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Betty has made?
A. Betty claims she isn’t good enough for La Craquement after failing to properly read the terms of the membership agreement.
B. Betty is very ambitious in her desire to become a celebrity.
C. Betty is gazing too far ahead in time.
D. Betty overlooks the most basic condition for entry to La Craquement and instead assumes that only a certain type of person can enter based on what she has seen.
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After a long and tedious week, Dina has the weekend all to herself. She usually catches up on her favourite novels and TV shows. Most of the time she spends all day in bed doing nothing but staring at the ceiling. Other people might pass on a judgement when she makes zero productivity but to Dina, this is the only time she gets to appreciate the value of taking good care of herself. |
Dina: “People who do not make time for themselves are lifeless and uninteresting.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Dina has made?
A. Dina labels others simply because they don’t live the same way she does when it’s possible for them to be preoccupied and still enjoy life.
B. Dina does not have much to do on weekends because she completed all her tasks from Monday to Friday.
C. Dina is urging people to stare at the ceiling on weekends.
D. Dina has a unique perspective on self-care compared to others.
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Face serums are light moisturisers with a higher concentration of active chemicals, such as hyaluronic acid, glycolic acid, and vitamin C, than traditional facial moisturisers. Face serums, which are known for their efficiency, are frequently used to treat specific skin issues such as wrinkles. |
Cynthia: “Using face serums now eliminates the possibility of wrinkles later in life.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Cynthia has made?
A. Aging is a complicated process that everyone goes through naturally, and skin types are so diverse that one remedy may not be appropriate for everybody.
B. Cynthia is self-diagnosing a futuristic problem that isn’t there in the first place.
C. Cynthia forgot to consider the cost of face serums while making a remark about them.
D. It is possible for someone in their later years to have no wrinkles at all.
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Three friends were eating at the cafeteria talking about finding a perfect spot where they can study for their upcoming exams. |
Lola: “Robert said the library is the best place to study in because of how quiet it is. He even pointed out how he once passed an exam after studying in the library for it. However, Robert is notorious for not doing well in class, so I’d rather not follow his suggestion.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in Lola’s argument?
A. Lola asserts that there is a logical link between the instances of going to the library and the possibility of passing an exam.
B. Lola attacked Robert’s personal background instead of focusing on his argument just to invalidate what he believes in.
C. Robert made an incorrect conclusion that going to the library to study is the best way to pass the upcoming exams.
D. Robert thinks that studying in the library is the right thing to do because other people agree with it.
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After changing into their PE uniforms, Jacob and his classmates left their bags in their classroom to go to their PE class. When they got back, his classmate Vince said the money in his wallet went missing. He said he was sure that it was there before they went to the gym for PE. Vince, exasperated, asked the whole class, “Who stole my money?” Jacob told him, “Maybe Brian has it.” Brian heard this and confronted Jacob. |
Jacob: “I didn’t say you stole the money. I said you probably took the money from his wallet by mistake.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Jacob has made?
A. Jacob tried to confuse Brian about the meaning of what he said.
B. Jacob prefers accusing others over fixing the issue.
C. He put Brian on the hotseat to shift people’s attention away from the fact that it was really him who stole Vince’s money.
D. Jacob manipulated the people to think that Brian is the only possible culprit behind the missing money.
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Sasha enjoys studying. She spends most of her time studying in advance the courses that she took. She felt that if she studies consistently, she would pass the class, graduate, and have a great life. |
Sasha: “I will be able to attend college if I graduate. If I go to college, I will get a career, and if I get a job, I will make a lot of money and become wealthy.”
Which of the following best describes the flaw in the above argument?
A. Since nothing can disprove the claim that studying leads to a great life, therefore it is true.
B. Studying leads to a series of events that ends up having money and wealth.
C. A great life does not necessarily mean having money and becoming wealthy.
D. Studying devotes time and attention to acquiring knowledge on (an academic subject), especially by means of books.
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According to Anna, refugee parents have some challenges in getting involved in their children’s education. Some parents in the community participate in learning activities or attend informal discussions concerning school-related topics, whereas refugee parents can’t due to cultural and language barriers. |
Ruben: “I don’t think Anna has the right to say that; she’s a native.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in Ruben’s argument?
A. Ruben’s argument assumes that refugee parents are more inclined towards contributing to their children’s academic growth.
B. Ruben attacks Anna’s identity to invalidate her claim about refugee parents.
C. Refugee parents have high aspirations for the chances education may give their children.
D. The passage does not prove Anna’s citizenship, which fails to support her claim.
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The Year 5 students will be having their yearly classroom elections. Jake and Jar are both running for classroom president. Amber initially wanted to vote for Jake since he is an exceptional student and has been involved in many leadership roles around the campus. However, a recent survey prior to the classroom election found that only 25% of the class are voting for Jake. |
Amber: “For this year’s election, I will vote for Jar since she must have been a good leader since many believe in her.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in Ruben’s argument?
A. Amber conformed to the majority instead of making a stand for her presidential choice.
B. There is not enough evidence to prove that Jake is indeed better than Jar, therefore, Amber should vote for Jar.
C. Amber attacks Jake’s identity instead of focusing on what makes him a better leader.
D. The leadership role is only for a classroom setting, hence, credentials would not be a major issue in terms of choosing the right leader.
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Bo’s Coffee has been looking to hire baristas since their previous barista already went out of the country. Listed below is the information listed in their poster for those applying as baristas in Bo’s Coffee:
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Jacob: “I have a bachelor’s degree in Nursing, a two-year experience as a barista in Starbucks, and I am 22 years old. However, I am not a fluent English speaker, therefore, I am not qualified to apply for a barista position in Bo’s Coffee.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in Ruben’s argument?
A. Jacob surely cannot qualify for the Job unless he improves on his fluency in speaking the English language.
B. Jacob is not suited for the job since he studied Nursing, and nurses don’t make coffee, they treat patients.
C. Jacob still qualifies for the Job since being fluent in English is only a plus or an advantage, not entirely a requirement.
D. Jacob qualifies if he added one more year of experience in being a barista to compensate for the years he wasted on studying Nursing rather than focusing on coffee-making.
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Every time Wayne orders a burger, he asks explicitly for no ketchup added to it. One time, a waiter got his order wrong, to which Wayne reacted unpleasantly. The restaurant manager offered a comped meal for the inconvenience, but Wayne refused to take anything other than a fully-paid bill. |
Wayne: “Gordon Ramsay, a famous chef and restaurant critic, once said that restaurants should only settle inconvenience caused by waiters through refunds.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in the argument above?
A. Wayne assumes that the waiter’s mistake is equivalent to getting a fully-paid bill.
B. The information presented in this paragraph about restaurant protocols is insufficient to prove the assertion Wayne made.
C. Wayne acted on his emotions without reason.
D. Wayne used a famous chef and restaurant critic’s opinion to justify his argument of asking for a refund.
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Classes are held online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the science class of year 5, the teacher asked Joseph a question related to Newton’s laws. Just as the teacher asked, a notification popped up that Joseph just left the meeting. |
Deanna: “I’m sure that Joseph left on purpose since he does not know the answer to the question.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in Deanna’s argument?
A. It has been observed by teachers that students usually leave the meeting whenever a difficult question is asked in class.
B. Since there is no evidence to disprove that Joseph did leave on purpose, then Joseph intentionally left the meeting.
C. Deanna assumed immediately the reason behind Joseph leaving the meeting.
D. Deanna falsely correlated leaving the meeting with not knowing the answer.
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Jane loves eating omelettes for breakfast, however she does not know how to cook them. One morning, she finally decided to learn how to cook omelettes. She added salt and milk to the bowl where she cracked four eggs as instructed in the video guide she was watching. She whipped the contents of the bowl, cooked them and ate her omelette. |
Jane: “This omelette is fluffier today. This must be because of the salt that I added.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in Jane’s argument?
A. Jane falsely correlated the fluffiness of the omelette to the addition of salt.
B. Jane was biased that the egg she just cooked was better since she does not cook her own omelettes before she learned to cook them.
C. Jane concluded that the addition of salt resulted in a series of events that led to a fluffy omelette.
D. Jane learned to cook an omelette just from watching a video guide. Hence, she must be lying about the fluffiness of the omelette she cooked.
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Paul has been struggling with his academics lately. He has been failing in his exams even if he tried studying so hard to pass those exams. The final exam is his only last shot for redemption, in order to pass this semester. His brother talked to him before he went to school to take his final exams. |
Brother: “Passing this final exam either ensures your bright future or proves that you are good for nothing.”
Which of the following best expresses the flaw in the argument of Paul’s brother?
A. Paul’s brother assumed that Paul failing the final exam would lead to a series of events that would make Paul good for nothing.
B. Paul’s brother limited the effects of Paul’s final exam outcome to two extreme scenarios.
C. Paul’s brother falsely correlated passing the final exam and having a bright future.
D. Academic standing has authority in dictating a person’s success in life.
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Ever since Jack was a little kid, he has been trained to play chess competitively. However, he noticed that every time he gets ready for a game, his head starts to ache. He has a game scheduled tomorrow. |
Jack: “I think I am going to get a headache tomorrow.”
Which of the following best describes the flaw in Jack’s argument?
A. Jack’s conclusion involves self-diagnosis, which is inherently harmful because it may run the risk of him taking the wrong medication.
B. Jack prefers chess over his health.
C. The information Jack’s argument is based on is inaccurate.
D. Jack asserts that the link between chess games and headaches is proof that one causes the other.
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Vitamin C is frequently recommended as a natural cold treatment. The substance can be found in supplements that claim to help the immune system. Dr Linus Pauling, a Nobel winner, notably argued that taking big quantities of vitamin C can assist you to avoid catching a cold. |
Claire: “Flu and colds have common symptoms, therefore, vitamin C can also cure flu.”
Which of the following best describes the flaw in Claire’s argument?
A. Claire assumes that whatever works for colds also works for flu due to their similarity in terms of symptoms.
B. Since there is no evidence to disprove that Vitamin C is effective against flu, then it is true
C. Claire limits vitamin C to curing only flu and colds
D. Claire uses the statement of Dr. Linus to prove that vitamin C is indeed effective against flu.
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