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Strong communication, free from scientific myths, is critical to deliver scientific information. As such, those in the receiving end of communication believe that poetry may be a useful conduit in communicating scientific facts. As scientific research is generally published in research journals for scientists, the public may be unaware of certain scientific jargon, leading to difficulty in comprehending complex scientific information.
Which among the statements, if true, best strengthens the argument?
A. As scientific writing is based on the rigours of scientific investigation, it must reflect the same level of precision as the research method.
B. As the writer is communicating highly technical information to those who may or may not be as educated, such as those from a different discipline, scientific communication necessitates accuracy in word use, clarity, and economy.
C. Poetry serves as a bridge between science and a larger audience, recasting knowledge in a more accessible language and manner.
D. Science is a broad subject involving numerous disciplines, such as pathology, microbiology, astrology and so on.
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Andrew was studying his science subject and learned about storms and their creation. Turns out that heavy humidity is sometimes felt before and after the arrival of strong storms. These are known as “pop-up” storms or “Air-Mass” thunderstorms. Strange enough, a recent storm passed by their city, but it was not humid at all. |
Andrew: “The weather forecast station referred to the recent weather condition as a ‘storm’, but it wasn’t humid before and after its wake. They were wrong and shouldn’t have called it a storm.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Andrew’s statement?
A. Andrew assumed that ‘storm’ had another meaning in the conversation.
B. Andrew thought all storms are supposed to cause heavy humidity in their wake.
C. Andrew could not provide evidence that the weather forecast station was wrong.
D. Andrew based his claim on his personal understanding of storms.
In recent years, not only the media but also psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health organisations, and gamers themselves have increasingly paid attention to problems associated with online video games. The rise of online gaming has manifested in a new type of addiction by over-usage. The gaming industry has failed to address these problems by denying responsibility. To some extent, the addition of over-usage warning messages is a first step toward improving care standards for gamers, however, one-time warnings are insufficient.
Which among the statements, if true, best strengthens the argument?
A. The Chinese government has previously engaged in efforts to regulate game usage to mitigate the adverse effects of gaming.
B. The percentage of gamers who develop difficulties or get addicted may remain relatively stable, but as online video games improve and more people discover them, the number of addicts is expected to climb.
C. Online games provide a more intense experience than console games because different actions in-game produce a multitude of effects every time the game is played, amplifying the addictiveness of the virtual environment.
D. According to Forbes, the worldwide video game business is expected to rise from $67 billion in 2012 to $82 billion by 2017, overtaking film industry sales.
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Oliver and Riza were arguing about how corporal punishment has become a frowned-upon method of administering discipline. This topic came when they realised both parents and educators can now face various penalties from the government if found guilty of such actions. Oliver is a bachelor who’s insecure about his single life while Riza is a mother of 3 children. |
Oliver: “I do think that corporal punishment should not be tolerated in modern times.”
Riza: “That’s not true! You only say those pretentious things because you’ve never had a family or have become a parent like me.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Riza’s statement?
A. Riza tried to appeal to Oliver’s emotions by emphasising her miserable life as a mother.
B. Riza could not give a reason why her status as a mother makes her statement credible.
C. Riza personally attacked Oliver by pointing out his lack of family and parenting experience.
D. Riza borrowed the reason used by other people in defending corporal punishment.
Children should not be allowed to participate in beauty pageants. At first glance, these pageants may look innocent to spectators. However, participants are pressured to meet a certain beauty standard, and subjected to a hostile atmosphere of constant competition, with their every move under scrutiny. These competitions may lead to serious long-term problems for participants, including lowered self-esteem, body dysmorphia and elevated anxiety.
Assuming the above argument is true, which among the statements below best weakens the argument?
A. Beauty pageants harm their individuality and may make children feel compelled to appear a certain way.
B. Exposing children to pageants helps them realise their true beauty in self-confidence, empowering them to showcase the best and most authentic version of themselves to others.
C. Beauty pageants instil the importance of external validation within the minds of children.
D. Beauty pageants teach children to judge people based on their outward appearance.
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Martha was browsing the internet when she found out that various cities started showing a divide in the implementation of their mask mandates post-covid. There are those who still require their citizens to wear masks while others have loosely allowed masks to become an optional tool in public. After scrolling further, Martha saw a post from the Department of Health reminding them that medical practitioners still encourage people to wear masks in public places. |
Martha: “Most people in my city have stopped wearing masks in public. I, too, shall do the same because I don’t want to stick out like a sore thumb.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Martha’s statement?
A. Martha refused to listen to the medical practitioners due to her personal laziness.
B. Martha assumed that the opinions of those in authority are correct so she followed them.
C. Martha feared being discriminated so she made her case seem pitiful.
D. Martha wanted to blend in so she based her case on what other people did.
Parents should pay children for doing house chores. Parents feel that tying tasks to pocket money teaches children the value of hard work. Just like parents work to earn money, children must work to earn money by completing chores around the house. This is one act that parents can do to prepare their children for the real world, where nothing is given freely, and there is a cost for everything.
Assuming the above argument is true, which among the statements below best weakens the argument?
A. Paying children a little cash for doing their chores may teach them about the importance of taking responsibility in household chores.
B. Parents have the responsibility to prepare their children for things in life that should be done out of a feeling of obligation rather than for monetary compensation.
C. As children earn money on a regular basis for helping with home chores, they begin to see it mount up, giving them a sense of pride and success.
D. Paying children to do work will make them feel less empathetic towards others, by cultivating the belief that tasks are transactional; everything they do should be done in exchange for gaining something.
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Marlon is a science enthusiast. He enjoys reading about different scientists and looks up to those who have won prestigious awards. Today, he learned about Egas Moniz. Moniz is a well-known Nobel Prize winner credited for the introduction of lobotomy to the modern world. Marlon learned that lobotomy involves the removal of some parts of a person’s frontal lobe in an attempt to “prevent unnecessary emotions” and cure mental illnesses. |
Marlon: “It should be safe and effective to remove a person’s frontal lobe in treating mental illnesses. After all, Mr Moniz has been praised for it globally.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Marlon’s statement?
A. Marlon assumed that lobotomy works for all mental illnesses leading to his statement.
B. Marlon thought that the lobotomy that Moniz created is still the same lobotomy today.
C. Marlon assumed that lobotomy works well just because its proponent was acclaimed.
D. Marlon did not consider the fact that Moniz might have bought the award with money.
Parents should allow their children, even below the age of 13, to use social media platforms. Social media is used by children to have fun, create and retain connections, share hobbies, explore identities, and develop relationships with family. It’s a natural progression from their offline and face-to-face contacts. It’s typically a crucial component of how they engage with other people across the world.
Which among the statements, if true, best weakens the argument?
A. Social media is counterproductive towards connecting with other people because children are likely to just play games on these platforms.
B. Cyberbullying, malware attacks, and the like are common threats for social media users who try to connect with people online.
C. Children are often secretive of the people they meet in social media from their parents. This makes it hard for parents to keep their children away from online entities with malicious intentions.
D. Connecting with family and friends online is a challenge that can be resolved outside of just social media.
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Lee is a travel blogger who visits different hotels and gives them a rating based on their service quality. For today’s blog, he checked out Geovero Hotel since he heard this place had great service. The said hotel is one of the many hotels on Arkley Street. It is known for its delicious food and warm accommodation. Unfortunately, the pandemic has caused some things to be changed including their menu, staff, and service costs. |
Lee: “I went to Geovero’s yesterday and their service was horrible. I’m never going back to that area because I can tell that all other hotels in Arkley Street are just as underwhelming.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Lee’s statement?
A. Lee blamed the new set of staff for the decrease in service quality when it wasn’t the case.
B. Lee thought that his experience makes him credible enough to critique all other hotels.
C. Lee assumed that his single experience in Geovero applies to all hotels on Arkley Street.
D. Lee assumed that covid was the main factor that caused the decrease in quality.
Toy-filled environments are overstimulating and have an influence on newborns, toddlers, and younger children’s capacity to learn and play imaginatively. Too many toys in the house can make it difficult for children to focus, learn, and develop crucial play skills. According to research, having fewer toys at a time allows children to focus on one object at a time, strengthen concentration skills, and play more imaginatively.
Which among the statements, if true, best strengthens the passage above?
A. Fewer toys result in a calmer, less stressful atmosphere, which lowers overstimulation in youngsters and helps to greater behavioural regulation.
B. Decluttering is easier said than done, but organising toys offers several advantages for both children and adults.
C. Reducing the number of toys available might also provide more opportunities for youngsters to develop healthy practices to avoid frustration tolerance.
D. Toys enhance learning while also retaining a child’s attention, and they should be safe and long-lasting.
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Courtney is a sceptical kind of person and her friends have told her to do something about it or else, she will have trouble creating relationships. A few days ago, the local government announced its plan to increase the local taxes on the purchase of non-essential goods to help in limiting the spending of their citizens and to use the collected taxes on the creation of more projects for the people. Courtney was one of the first people to complain about the idea. |
Courtney: “Why are they exploiting the citizens by raising taxes? This act feeds the greedy hands of the government and prevents people from buying the things they need at a lower price!”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Courtney’s statement?
A. Courtney used her experience where the government was greedy as her main basis.
B. Courtney was confused about how the term “non-essential goods” was used in this case.
C. Courtney tried to make her situation pitiful to stop the government from raising taxes.
D. Courtney exaggerated the harms behind the tax increase without evidence or relevance.
Memes are a highly effective tool for communicating culturally relevant ideals, whereas social media offers a venue for communication. A meme is a picture or video that symbolises a specific audience’s thoughts and feelings. The majority of memes are captioned photographs intended to be humorous. Most media outlets use memes to convey important news to make it more appealing to wider audiences.
Which among the statements, if true, best weakens the passage above?
A. Memes can easily be digested by people in social media, making it an effective tool in spreading information online.
B. Social media is dominated by younger audiences. Memes are often used by kids to express their sentiments toward different things.
C. The humorous nature of memes makes it difficult to reassure that people would acknowledge the message and information seriously.
D. Using memes with pictures and graphics could potentially cause cyberattacks and bullying to those who share them.
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Hariette and Harold are aspiring lawyers who are about to enter their second year in the law institute. Their law school encourages its students to access books about old cases, supreme court readings, and law amendments. These books come at expensive prices and some students cannot afford to purchase such books for their class. Incidentally, Harold and Hariette are also on a tight budget. |
Harold: “We cannot afford all of the law books in school.”
Hariette: “We still have to find a way. It’s either we buy them or we’re assured to fail in law school.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Hariette’s statement?
A. Hariette relied on the instructions of her professor about having to buy all the books.
B. Hariette did not consider that there are other options available aside from buying books.
C. Hariette relied on her emotions to conclude that failing is the last acceptable outcome.
D. Hariette assumed that having books would guarantee her success in law school.
People who are optimistic are happier because they visualise pleasant events more vividly and anticipate them occurring sooner. All of this heightens the delectable sensation of anticipation, which grows stronger the more delightful the expected event is, the more vividly we can visualise it, the more likely it is to occur, and the sooner it occurs. It stands to reason that having a sense of hope and an optimistic outlook on the future would make us happier in the present.
Which among the statements, if true, best weakens the passage above?
A. Optimism, at times, can make you blind to the expenses and implications of a situation. It’s possible to overstate the positivity while underestimating the costs of your actions.
B. Thinking positively makes it easier for one to accomplish his or her tasks with no hassle or problem.
C. Being optimistic could sometimes make a person arrogant in front of everyone.
D. It is a little too off to encourage someone to think high of themselves.
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Detective Jones was trying to find the criminal behind the series of cases that plagued New York in the past weeks. After spending five gruelling weeks, 11 out of 12 pieces of evidence pointed to his wife being the culprit. Several witnesses also claimed the same to be true about Detective Jones’ wife. |
Detective Jones: “My wife cannot be the culprit. The last remaining evidence does not point to her as the culprit after all.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Detective Jones’ statement?
A. Detective Jones ignored the witnesses’ opinions because he thought they were lying.
B. Detective Jones used his wife’s pitiful state to defend her from her crimes.
C. Detective Jones did not consider that there could be more evidence and not just 12.
D. Detective Jones refused to acknowledge logical evidence but cherry-picked them instead.
In coastal communities, the interaction of male and female stakeholders is crucial to their own livelihoods. Fisheries have been considered a man’s job and women are supposed to support their husbands, in the same way that their young children also adopt such perception. Most male fishers prefer intensive labour activities such as active fishing, compared to their female counterparts. On the other hand, women prefer to stay at home and tend to their households and families. Both believe that it should not be changed, but rather maintained.
Which of the following statements, if true, strengthens the argument above?
A. The roles of men and women are dynamic, hence, they can work together.
B. Women feel bad because they are unable to go active fishing.
C. Patriarchy has established gender roles for men and women to conform to.
D. The roles of both men and women are complementary and work hand in hand.
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Jenny came from a country with a different culture and traditions from the Western countries. Her family moved to Australia this year and upon arriving, they allowed her to explore her new community. She first visited a funeral chapel in her neighbourhood. Upon entering the building, she noticed that every room with mourning families had lots of flowers and scented candles. |
Jenny: “All of those people in the funeral home must be women.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Jenny’s statement?
A. Jenny thought that only women were in the funeral home because no sign said otherwise.
B. Jenny did not have any evidence implying that there were men in the funeral homes.
C. Jenny correlated women being the only ones with flowers and scented candles at funerals.
D. Jenny generalised all women to love flowers and scented candles.
Teenagers engaged in organisational work and volunteer drives appear to be among the most productive. Due to this, their skills in managing their time well, setting up their priority list, and doing the tasks efficiently through mentorship and camaraderie are enhanced. Through which, they are also exposed to enhancing their communication and networking skills. Being involved in these activities gives teenagers the experience of nation-building and working towards sustainable development.
What is the main conclusion from the passage?
A. Teenagers can only be productive if they participate in organisational work and volunteer drives.
B. Teenagers are productive when they spend their time well and fulfil their responsibilities accordingly.
C. Organisational work and volunteer drives empower teenagers to develop leadership and management skills.
D. Productivity is best achieved when you have many organisations and volunteer drives.
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Leroy loves to imagine what could be hidden in the deepest parts of the ocean since very little is known about these depths. He even learned how a lot of species are yet to be discovered and are still lurking down in the unknown. |
Leroy: “I firmly believe that mermaids exist because no one has proven that they don’t exist in the deepest parts of the ocean.”
Which among the options best describes the flaw in Leroy’s statement?
A. Leroy assumed that the lack of contrary evidence meant that mermaids truly did exist.
B. Leroy assumed that the ocean can still be explored further without providing evidence.
C. Leroy thought that there would be someone willing to look for mermaids in the ocean.
D. Leroy insisted that mermaids should exist based on his personal preferences.