Week 2 Y6 English Trial Test

Extract A: Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters, also referred to as natural hazards, are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors. Natural disasters damage property, wildlife, and people. Extreme weather can endanger lives, property, vital infrastructure, and national security. Seasonal and sporadic natural disasters disrupt and damage economies. Natural disasters endanger lives, damage infrastructure, and disrupt daily life. As a result of the occurrence of an incident, emergency response and recovery staff may face health concerns after an incident. Chemical, ergonomic, biological, radiological, psychological, and behavioural hazards exist. Thus, a disaster management plan must prepare, instruct, and protect emergency responders before, during, and after an event.

Beginning with winter storms, these events occur when a large amount of snow or ice accumulates in a short amount of time, obstructing roadways, interrupting communications systems, creating power outages, and posing a hazard to human life.

On top of that, 90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding. Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of severe rainfall, the arrival of ocean waves, the rapid melting of snow, or the failure of dams or levees. A few inches of water may be sufficient to cause severe flooding, or it may reach the roof of a home. Floods can occur in minutes or over an extended period, and they can linger for days, weeks, or even longer. Floods cause more economic damage, loss of life, and loss of property than any other natural hazard.

In addition, each year, more than a thousand tornadoes strike the United States. Tornadoes are violently whirling air columns that descend from thunderstorms. Dark, greenish skies often signal it. Clouds darken. Possible baseball-sized hail. A funnel appears from a cloud. The funnel crashes and roars like a freight train. Tornadoes destroy everything. Tornadoes severely disrupt transportation, power, gas, water, and communication facilities.

Moreover, hurricanes may wreak havoc on parts of a country. Hurricanes are massive, whirlwind-like storms. They generate extremely strong winds that can destroy structures and trees. Hurricanes form over warm waters of the ocean. Occasionally they strike land. When a hurricane strikes land, a wall of ocean water is pushed ashore. This water wall is known as a storm surge. A hurricane’s heavy rainfall and storm surge can produce flooding. These bring about dangerously high winds, torrential rainfall, and severe floods to both coastal and interior regions.

Furthermore, the United States sees dozens of catastrophic earthquakes annually, each of which is capable of causing power outages, fires, water-supply issues, and substantial loss of life and property. When two slabs of the ground abruptly move past one another, an earthquake occurs. The surface where the slippage occurs is known as the fault or fault plane.

Finally, there are the wildfires. A wildfire is an unintentional fire that starts in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are caused by natural occurrences such as lightning and can occur at any time. Wildfires, both natural and man-made, frequently devastate natural, commercial, and residential areas, making the affected lands more vulnerable to subsequent flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, falling embers can spread the wildfire by up to a mile, while smoke inhalation causes health concerns in nearby communities.

It is difficult to manage activities before, during, and after an emergency. Various factors must be addressed to account for all potential dangers that may be encountered. A comprehensive plan is required to ensure proper resource administration, activity execution, and first responder protection. Identifying prospective risks during the development of a disaster management plan aids in determining the necessary actions to prevent, control, and mitigate those hazards. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the development of a system to manage personnel during an emergency, the provision of training to face a specific hazard, the definition of personal protective equipment usage, and the installation of emergency procedures and mechanisms.

Extract B: Man-made Disasters

Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human actions, either intentionally or accidentally, that can have a direct or indirect impact on public health and well-being. These disasters are classified as sociological, technological, hazardous material, and transportation-related. Due to their unpredictable nature, man-made disasters present a significant challenge and require vigilance, preparedness and effective response.

It is important to consider sociological hazards as a significant source of man-made disasters. Among these hazards, crimes are a particularly noteworthy topic. A crime can be defined as a state-sanctioned action or omission that is subject to prosecution and punishment as prescribed by law. Additionally, as a sociological hazard, arson is the intentional starting of a fire with the intent to cause damage. In the past, the definition of arson has been expanded to include the burning of bridges, vehicles, and personal property, in addition to buildings. Arson is a significant contributor to fires in data storage facilities. Arson contributes significantly to fires in data storage facilities. In addition, human-caused fires can occur unintentionally, such as when equipment malfunctions.

Among the sociological dangers is the phenomenon of civil disorder, which encompasses a variety of disturbances that law enforcement may characterise as problematic. These disturbances may manifest as riots, sabotage, or other criminal acts. Despite the fact that not all instances of civil disturbance inevitably culminate in a catastrophe, the event has the potential to grow and lead to a state of universal anarchy. Diverse reasons, including economic factors such as a low minimum wage and difficulties related to racial segregation, may contribute to rioting. Further, the sociological hazard, terrorism, is a contentious term with various interpretations. One definition pertains to the utilisation of violent means aimed specifically at civilians. Another definition pertains to the employment or threatened employment of violence for the purpose of instilling fear in order to accomplish a political, religious, or ideological objective. Under the latter definition, the individuals or entities targeted by acts of terrorism can be diverse, encompassing civilians, government officials, military personnel, or those working in the service of governments.

Lastly, the sociological hazard referred to as war is a large-scale conflict between groups of individuals that involves the use of physical force through the employment of weapons. Such conflicts have resulted in the destruction of various cultures, nations, and economies, and have caused significant hardship to humanity. Other terminology that may be used to describe war include, but are not limited to, armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. It is important to note that acts of war are generally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster preparedness planning.

The second classification of man-made disasters is technological hazards. Industrial hazards in commercial settings, such as mining operations, frequently have a significant impact on the environment. Collapses of structures, which are frequently caused by engineering failures, can also pose a significant threat. When normal sources of electrical power are interrupted, power outages can vary in severity. However, prolonged outages can disrupt personal and business activities, resulting in substantial losses. Last but not least, fires such as bushfires, forest fires, and mine fires can cause significant damage when they are caused by natural causes or human error. If these fires intensify enough to generate their own winds and weather, they are capable of consuming vast areas.

The third category of major man-made disasters is those caused by hazardous materials, specifically radiation contamination. This happens when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems fail, releasing radioactive particles and nuclear fallout that can spread and irradiate vast areas. This not only poses an immediate threat but also has long-term effects on the health of those exposed and can render affected regions inhabitable. Ionising radiation poses a significant threat to living organisms due to its toxicity. The term CBRNs, which stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear, is used to refer to non-conventional terror threats that, if employed by a nation, would be considered the utilisation of weapons of mass destruction. Examples of their recent utilisation include warfare, ethnic conflicts and acts of terrorism.

The fourth and final major source of man-made disasters pertains to transportation incidents. These disasters often involve modes of transportation such as trains, buses, and ships, and have resulted in significant harm to travellers. One notable transportation disaster is the sinking of the Titanic which has become ingrained in history and is widely remembered and discussed.

Public health is concerned with mitigating man-made environmental disasters. The proper placement of hazardous sites and materials away from densely populated areas, establishing a robust environmental health infrastructure, conducting pilot studies and seeking expert advice before implementing potentially hazardous changes, and taking prompt and effective remedial action in the event of a disaster can reduce risks and minimise long-term health effects.

How are the two extracts analogous in terms of structure?

Extract A: Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters, also referred to as natural hazards, are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors. Natural disasters damage property, wildlife, and people. Extreme weather can endanger lives, property, vital infrastructure, and national security. Seasonal and sporadic natural disasters disrupt and damage economies. Natural disasters endanger lives, damage infrastructure, and disrupt daily life. As a result of the occurrence of an incident, emergency response and recovery staff may face health concerns after an incident. Chemical, ergonomic, biological, radiological, psychological, and behavioural hazards exist. Thus, a disaster management plan must prepare, instruct, and protect emergency responders before, during, and after an event.

Beginning with winter storms, these events occur when a large amount of snow or ice accumulates in a short amount of time, obstructing roadways, interrupting communications systems, creating power outages, and posing a hazard to human life.

On top of that, 90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding. Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of severe rainfall, the arrival of ocean waves, the rapid melting of snow, or the failure of dams or levees. A few inches of water may be sufficient to cause severe flooding, or it may reach the roof of a home. Floods can occur in minutes or over an extended period, and they can linger for days, weeks, or even longer. Floods cause more economic damage, loss of life, and loss of property than any other natural hazard.

In addition, each year, more than a thousand tornadoes strike the United States. Tornadoes are violently whirling air columns that descend from thunderstorms. Dark, greenish skies often signal it. Clouds darken. Possible baseball-sized hail. A funnel appears from a cloud. The funnel crashes and roars like a freight train. Tornadoes destroy everything. Tornadoes severely disrupt transportation, power, gas, water, and communication facilities.

Moreover, hurricanes may wreak havoc on parts of a country. Hurricanes are massive, whirlwind-like storms. They generate extremely strong winds that can destroy structures and trees. Hurricanes form over warm waters of the ocean. Occasionally they strike land. When a hurricane strikes land, a wall of ocean water is pushed ashore. This water wall is known as a storm surge. A hurricane’s heavy rainfall and storm surge can produce flooding. These bring about dangerously high winds, torrential rainfall, and severe floods to both coastal and interior regions.

Furthermore, the United States sees dozens of catastrophic earthquakes annually, each of which is capable of causing power outages, fires, water-supply issues, and substantial loss of life and property. When two slabs of the ground abruptly move past one another, an earthquake occurs. The surface where the slippage occurs is known as the fault or fault plane.

Finally, there are the wildfires. A wildfire is an unintentional fire that starts in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are caused by natural occurrences such as lightning and can occur at any time. Wildfires, both natural and man-made, frequently devastate natural, commercial, and residential areas, making the affected lands more vulnerable to subsequent flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, falling embers can spread the wildfire by up to a mile, while smoke inhalation causes health concerns in nearby communities.

It is difficult to manage activities before, during, and after an emergency. Various factors must be addressed to account for all potential dangers that may be encountered. A comprehensive plan is required to ensure proper resource administration, activity execution, and first responder protection. Identifying prospective risks during the development of a disaster management plan aids in determining the necessary actions to prevent, control, and mitigate those hazards. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the development of a system to manage personnel during an emergency, the provision of training to face a specific hazard, the definition of personal protective equipment usage, and the installation of emergency procedures and mechanisms.

Extract B: Man-made Disasters

Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human actions, either intentionally or accidentally, that can have a direct or indirect impact on public health and well-being. These disasters are classified as sociological, technological, hazardous material, and transportation-related. Due to their unpredictable nature, man-made disasters present a significant challenge and require vigilance, preparedness and effective response.

It is important to consider sociological hazards as a significant source of man-made disasters. Among these hazards, crimes are a particularly noteworthy topic. A crime can be defined as a state-sanctioned action or omission that is subject to prosecution and punishment as prescribed by law. Additionally, as a sociological hazard, arson is the intentional starting of a fire with the intent to cause damage. In the past, the definition of arson has been expanded to include the burning of bridges, vehicles, and personal property, in addition to buildings. Arson is a significant contributor to fires in data storage facilities. Arson contributes significantly to fires in data storage facilities. In addition, human-caused fires can occur unintentionally, such as when equipment malfunctions.

Among the sociological dangers is the phenomenon of civil disorder, which encompasses a variety of disturbances that law enforcement may characterise as problematic. These disturbances may manifest as riots, sabotage, or other criminal acts. Despite the fact that not all instances of civil disturbance inevitably culminate in a catastrophe, the event has the potential to grow and lead to a state of universal anarchy. Diverse reasons, including economic factors such as a low minimum wage and difficulties related to racial segregation, may contribute to rioting. Further, the sociological hazard, terrorism, is a contentious term with various interpretations. One definition pertains to the utilisation of violent means aimed specifically at civilians. Another definition pertains to the employment or threatened employment of violence for the purpose of instilling fear in order to accomplish a political, religious, or ideological objective. Under the latter definition, the individuals or entities targeted by acts of terrorism can be diverse, encompassing civilians, government officials, military personnel, or those working in the service of governments.

Lastly, the sociological hazard referred to as war is a large-scale conflict between groups of individuals that involves the use of physical force through the employment of weapons. Such conflicts have resulted in the destruction of various cultures, nations, and economies, and have caused significant hardship to humanity. Other terminology that may be used to describe war include, but are not limited to, armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. It is important to note that acts of war are generally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster preparedness planning.

The second classification of man-made disasters is technological hazards. Industrial hazards in commercial settings, such as mining operations, frequently have a significant impact on the environment. Collapses of structures, which are frequently caused by engineering failures, can also pose a significant threat. When normal sources of electrical power are interrupted, power outages can vary in severity. However, prolonged outages can disrupt personal and business activities, resulting in substantial losses. Last but not least, fires such as bushfires, forest fires, and mine fires can cause significant damage when they are caused by natural causes or human error. If these fires intensify enough to generate their own winds and weather, they are capable of consuming vast areas.

The third category of major man-made disasters is those caused by hazardous materials, specifically radiation contamination. This happens when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems fail, releasing radioactive particles and nuclear fallout that can spread and irradiate vast areas. This not only poses an immediate threat but also has long-term effects on the health of those exposed and can render affected regions inhabitable. Ionising radiation poses a significant threat to living organisms due to its toxicity. The term CBRNs, which stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear, is used to refer to non-conventional terror threats that, if employed by a nation, would be considered the utilisation of weapons of mass destruction. Examples of their recent utilisation include warfare, ethnic conflicts and acts of terrorism.

The fourth and final major source of man-made disasters pertains to transportation incidents. These disasters often involve modes of transportation such as trains, buses, and ships, and have resulted in significant harm to travellers. One notable transportation disaster is the sinking of the Titanic which has become ingrained in history and is widely remembered and discussed.

Public health is concerned with mitigating man-made environmental disasters. The proper placement of hazardous sites and materials away from densely populated areas, establishing a robust environmental health infrastructure, conducting pilot studies and seeking expert advice before implementing potentially hazardous changes, and taking prompt and effective remedial action in the event of a disaster can reduce risks and minimise long-term health effects.

What is the difference between the two extracts based on what they focus on?

Extract A: Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters, also referred to as natural hazards, are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors. Natural disasters damage property, wildlife, and people. Extreme weather can endanger lives, property, vital infrastructure, and national security. Seasonal and sporadic natural disasters disrupt and damage economies. Natural disasters endanger lives, damage infrastructure, and disrupt daily life. As a result of the occurrence of an incident, emergency response and recovery staff may face health concerns after an incident. Chemical, ergonomic, biological, radiological, psychological, and behavioural hazards exist. Thus, a disaster management plan must prepare, instruct, and protect emergency responders before, during, and after an event.

Beginning with winter storms, these events occur when a large amount of snow or ice accumulates in a short amount of time, obstructing roadways, interrupting communications systems, creating power outages, and posing a hazard to human life.

On top of that, 90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding. Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of severe rainfall, the arrival of ocean waves, the rapid melting of snow, or the failure of dams or levees. A few inches of water may be sufficient to cause severe flooding, or it may reach the roof of a home. Floods can occur in minutes or over an extended period, and they can linger for days, weeks, or even longer. Floods cause more economic damage, loss of life, and loss of property than any other natural hazard.

In addition, each year, more than a thousand tornadoes strike the United States. Tornadoes are violently whirling air columns that descend from thunderstorms. Dark, greenish skies often signal it. Clouds darken. Possible baseball-sized hail. A funnel appears from a cloud. The funnel crashes and roars like a freight train. Tornadoes destroy everything. Tornadoes severely disrupt transportation, power, gas, water, and communication facilities.

Moreover, hurricanes may wreak havoc on parts of a country. Hurricanes are massive, whirlwind-like storms. They generate extremely strong winds that can destroy structures and trees. Hurricanes form over warm waters of the ocean. Occasionally they strike land. When a hurricane strikes land, a wall of ocean water is pushed ashore. This water wall is known as a storm surge. A hurricane’s heavy rainfall and storm surge can produce flooding. These bring about dangerously high winds, torrential rainfall, and severe floods to both coastal and interior regions.

Furthermore, the United States sees dozens of catastrophic earthquakes annually, each of which is capable of causing power outages, fires, water-supply issues, and substantial loss of life and property. When two slabs of the ground abruptly move past one another, an earthquake occurs. The surface where the slippage occurs is known as the fault or fault plane.

Finally, there are the wildfires. A wildfire is an unintentional fire that starts in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are caused by natural occurrences such as lightning and can occur at any time. Wildfires, both natural and man-made, frequently devastate natural, commercial, and residential areas, making the affected lands more vulnerable to subsequent flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, falling embers can spread the wildfire by up to a mile, while smoke inhalation causes health concerns in nearby communities.

It is difficult to manage activities before, during, and after an emergency. Various factors must be addressed to account for all potential dangers that may be encountered. A comprehensive plan is required to ensure proper resource administration, activity execution, and first responder protection. Identifying prospective risks during the development of a disaster management plan aids in determining the necessary actions to prevent, control, and mitigate those hazards. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the development of a system to manage personnel during an emergency, the provision of training to face a specific hazard, the definition of personal protective equipment usage, and the installation of emergency procedures and mechanisms.

Extract B: Man-made Disasters

Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human actions, either intentionally or accidentally, that can have a direct or indirect impact on public health and well-being. These disasters are classified as sociological, technological, hazardous material, and transportation-related. Due to their unpredictable nature, man-made disasters present a significant challenge and require vigilance, preparedness and effective response.

It is important to consider sociological hazards as a significant source of man-made disasters. Among these hazards, crimes are a particularly noteworthy topic. A crime can be defined as a state-sanctioned action or omission that is subject to prosecution and punishment as prescribed by law. Additionally, as a sociological hazard, arson is the intentional starting of a fire with the intent to cause damage. In the past, the definition of arson has been expanded to include the burning of bridges, vehicles, and personal property, in addition to buildings. Arson is a significant contributor to fires in data storage facilities. Arson contributes significantly to fires in data storage facilities. In addition, human-caused fires can occur unintentionally, such as when equipment malfunctions.

Among the sociological dangers is the phenomenon of civil disorder, which encompasses a variety of disturbances that law enforcement may characterise as problematic. These disturbances may manifest as riots, sabotage, or other criminal acts. Despite the fact that not all instances of civil disturbance inevitably culminate in a catastrophe, the event has the potential to grow and lead to a state of universal anarchy. Diverse reasons, including economic factors such as a low minimum wage and difficulties related to racial segregation, may contribute to rioting. Further, the sociological hazard, terrorism, is a contentious term with various interpretations. One definition pertains to the utilisation of violent means aimed specifically at civilians. Another definition pertains to the employment or threatened employment of violence for the purpose of instilling fear in order to accomplish a political, religious, or ideological objective. Under the latter definition, the individuals or entities targeted by acts of terrorism can be diverse, encompassing civilians, government officials, military personnel, or those working in the service of governments.

Lastly, the sociological hazard referred to as war is a large-scale conflict between groups of individuals that involves the use of physical force through the employment of weapons. Such conflicts have resulted in the destruction of various cultures, nations, and economies, and have caused significant hardship to humanity. Other terminology that may be used to describe war include, but are not limited to, armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. It is important to note that acts of war are generally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster preparedness planning.

The second classification of man-made disasters is technological hazards. Industrial hazards in commercial settings, such as mining operations, frequently have a significant impact on the environment. Collapses of structures, which are frequently caused by engineering failures, can also pose a significant threat. When normal sources of electrical power are interrupted, power outages can vary in severity. However, prolonged outages can disrupt personal and business activities, resulting in substantial losses. Last but not least, fires such as bushfires, forest fires, and mine fires can cause significant damage when they are caused by natural causes or human error. If these fires intensify enough to generate their own winds and weather, they are capable of consuming vast areas.

The third category of major man-made disasters is those caused by hazardous materials, specifically radiation contamination. This happens when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems fail, releasing radioactive particles and nuclear fallout that can spread and irradiate vast areas. This not only poses an immediate threat but also has long-term effects on the health of those exposed and can render affected regions inhabitable. Ionising radiation poses a significant threat to living organisms due to its toxicity. The term CBRNs, which stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear, is used to refer to non-conventional terror threats that, if employed by a nation, would be considered the utilisation of weapons of mass destruction. Examples of their recent utilisation include warfare, ethnic conflicts and acts of terrorism.

The fourth and final major source of man-made disasters pertains to transportation incidents. These disasters often involve modes of transportation such as trains, buses, and ships, and have resulted in significant harm to travellers. One notable transportation disaster is the sinking of the Titanic which has become ingrained in history and is widely remembered and discussed.

Public health is concerned with mitigating man-made environmental disasters. The proper placement of hazardous sites and materials away from densely populated areas, establishing a robust environmental health infrastructure, conducting pilot studies and seeking expert advice before implementing potentially hazardous changes, and taking prompt and effective remedial action in the event of a disaster can reduce risks and minimise long-term health effects.

The following are facts gathered from the two extracts, EXCEPT

Extract A: Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters, also referred to as natural hazards, are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors. Natural disasters damage property, wildlife, and people. Extreme weather can endanger lives, property, vital infrastructure, and national security. Seasonal and sporadic natural disasters disrupt and damage economies. Natural disasters endanger lives, damage infrastructure, and disrupt daily life. As a result of the occurrence of an incident, emergency response and recovery staff may face health concerns after an incident. Chemical, ergonomic, biological, radiological, psychological, and behavioural hazards exist. Thus, a disaster management plan must prepare, instruct, and protect emergency responders before, during, and after an event.

Beginning with winter storms, these events occur when a large amount of snow or ice accumulates in a short amount of time, obstructing roadways, interrupting communications systems, creating power outages, and posing a hazard to human life.

On top of that, 90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding. Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of severe rainfall, the arrival of ocean waves, the rapid melting of snow, or the failure of dams or levees. A few inches of water may be sufficient to cause severe flooding, or it may reach the roof of a home. Floods can occur in minutes or over an extended period, and they can linger for days, weeks, or even longer. Floods cause more economic damage, loss of life, and loss of property than any other natural hazard.

In addition, each year, more than a thousand tornadoes strike the United States. Tornadoes are violently whirling air columns that descend from thunderstorms. Dark, greenish skies often signal it. Clouds darken. Possible baseball-sized hail. A funnel appears from a cloud. The funnel crashes and roars like a freight train. Tornadoes destroy everything. Tornadoes severely disrupt transportation, power, gas, water, and communication facilities.

Moreover, hurricanes may wreak havoc on parts of a country. Hurricanes are massive, whirlwind-like storms. They generate extremely strong winds that can destroy structures and trees. Hurricanes form over warm waters of the ocean. Occasionally they strike land. When a hurricane strikes land, a wall of ocean water is pushed ashore. This water wall is known as a storm surge. A hurricane’s heavy rainfall and storm surge can produce flooding. These bring about dangerously high winds, torrential rainfall, and severe floods to both coastal and interior regions.

Furthermore, the United States sees dozens of catastrophic earthquakes annually, each of which is capable of causing power outages, fires, water-supply issues, and substantial loss of life and property. When two slabs of the ground abruptly move past one another, an earthquake occurs. The surface where the slippage occurs is known as the fault or fault plane.

Finally, there are the wildfires. A wildfire is an unintentional fire that starts in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are caused by natural occurrences such as lightning and can occur at any time. Wildfires, both natural and man-made, frequently devastate natural, commercial, and residential areas, making the affected lands more vulnerable to subsequent flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, falling embers can spread the wildfire by up to a mile, while smoke inhalation causes health concerns in nearby communities.

It is difficult to manage activities before, during, and after an emergency. Various factors must be addressed to account for all potential dangers that may be encountered. A comprehensive plan is required to ensure proper resource administration, activity execution, and first responder protection. Identifying prospective risks during the development of a disaster management plan aids in determining the necessary actions to prevent, control, and mitigate those hazards. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the development of a system to manage personnel during an emergency, the provision of training to face a specific hazard, the definition of personal protective equipment usage, and the installation of emergency procedures and mechanisms.

Extract B: Man-made Disasters

Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human actions, either intentionally or accidentally, that can have a direct or indirect impact on public health and well-being. These disasters are classified as sociological, technological, hazardous material, and transportation-related. Due to their unpredictable nature, man-made disasters present a significant challenge and require vigilance, preparedness and effective response.

It is important to consider sociological hazards as a significant source of man-made disasters. Among these hazards, crimes are a particularly noteworthy topic. A crime can be defined as a state-sanctioned action or omission that is subject to prosecution and punishment as prescribed by law. Additionally, as a sociological hazard, arson is the intentional starting of a fire with the intent to cause damage. In the past, the definition of arson has been expanded to include the burning of bridges, vehicles, and personal property, in addition to buildings. Arson is a significant contributor to fires in data storage facilities. Arson contributes significantly to fires in data storage facilities. In addition, human-caused fires can occur unintentionally, such as when equipment malfunctions.

Among the sociological dangers is the phenomenon of civil disorder, which encompasses a variety of disturbances that law enforcement may characterise as problematic. These disturbances may manifest as riots, sabotage, or other criminal acts. Despite the fact that not all instances of civil disturbance inevitably culminate in a catastrophe, the event has the potential to grow and lead to a state of universal anarchy. Diverse reasons, including economic factors such as a low minimum wage and difficulties related to racial segregation, may contribute to rioting. Further, the sociological hazard, terrorism, is a contentious term with various interpretations. One definition pertains to the utilisation of violent means aimed specifically at civilians. Another definition pertains to the employment or threatened employment of violence for the purpose of instilling fear in order to accomplish a political, religious, or ideological objective. Under the latter definition, the individuals or entities targeted by acts of terrorism can be diverse, encompassing civilians, government officials, military personnel, or those working in the service of governments.

Lastly, the sociological hazard referred to as war is a large-scale conflict between groups of individuals that involves the use of physical force through the employment of weapons. Such conflicts have resulted in the destruction of various cultures, nations, and economies, and have caused significant hardship to humanity. Other terminology that may be used to describe war include, but are not limited to, armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. It is important to note that acts of war are generally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster preparedness planning.

The second classification of man-made disasters is technological hazards. Industrial hazards in commercial settings, such as mining operations, frequently have a significant impact on the environment. Collapses of structures, which are frequently caused by engineering failures, can also pose a significant threat. When normal sources of electrical power are interrupted, power outages can vary in severity. However, prolonged outages can disrupt personal and business activities, resulting in substantial losses. Last but not least, fires such as bushfires, forest fires, and mine fires can cause significant damage when they are caused by natural causes or human error. If these fires intensify enough to generate their own winds and weather, they are capable of consuming vast areas.

The third category of major man-made disasters is those caused by hazardous materials, specifically radiation contamination. This happens when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems fail, releasing radioactive particles and nuclear fallout that can spread and irradiate vast areas. This not only poses an immediate threat but also has long-term effects on the health of those exposed and can render affected regions inhabitable. Ionising radiation poses a significant threat to living organisms due to its toxicity. The term CBRNs, which stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear, is used to refer to non-conventional terror threats that, if employed by a nation, would be considered the utilisation of weapons of mass destruction. Examples of their recent utilisation include warfare, ethnic conflicts and acts of terrorism.

The fourth and final major source of man-made disasters pertains to transportation incidents. These disasters often involve modes of transportation such as trains, buses, and ships, and have resulted in significant harm to travellers. One notable transportation disaster is the sinking of the Titanic which has become ingrained in history and is widely remembered and discussed.

Public health is concerned with mitigating man-made environmental disasters. The proper placement of hazardous sites and materials away from densely populated areas, establishing a robust environmental health infrastructure, conducting pilot studies and seeking expert advice before implementing potentially hazardous changes, and taking prompt and effective remedial action in the event of a disaster can reduce risks and minimise long-term health effects.

Which of the following is a similarity that the two extracts share?

Extract A: Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters, also referred to as natural hazards, are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors. Natural disasters damage property, wildlife, and people. Extreme weather can endanger lives, property, vital infrastructure, and national security. Seasonal and sporadic natural disasters disrupt and damage economies. Natural disasters endanger lives, damage infrastructure, and disrupt daily life. As a result of the occurrence of an incident, emergency response and recovery staff may face health concerns after an incident. Chemical, ergonomic, biological, radiological, psychological, and behavioural hazards exist. Thus, a disaster management plan must prepare, instruct, and protect emergency responders before, during, and after an event.

Beginning with winter storms, these events occur when a large amount of snow or ice accumulates in a short amount of time, obstructing roadways, interrupting communications systems, creating power outages, and posing a hazard to human life.

On top of that, 90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding. Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of severe rainfall, the arrival of ocean waves, the rapid melting of snow, or the failure of dams or levees. A few inches of water may be sufficient to cause severe flooding, or it may reach the roof of a home. Floods can occur in minutes or over an extended period, and they can linger for days, weeks, or even longer. Floods cause more economic damage, loss of life, and loss of property than any other natural hazard.

In addition, each year, more than a thousand tornadoes strike the United States. Tornadoes are violently whirling air columns that descend from thunderstorms. Dark, greenish skies often signal it. Clouds darken. Possible baseball-sized hail. A funnel appears from a cloud. The funnel crashes and roars like a freight train. Tornadoes destroy everything. Tornadoes severely disrupt transportation, power, gas, water, and communication facilities.

Moreover, hurricanes may wreak havoc on parts of a country. Hurricanes are massive, whirlwind-like storms. They generate extremely strong winds that can destroy structures and trees. Hurricanes form over warm waters of the ocean. Occasionally they strike land. When a hurricane strikes land, a wall of ocean water is pushed ashore. This water wall is known as a storm surge. A hurricane’s heavy rainfall and storm surge can produce flooding. These bring about dangerously high winds, torrential rainfall, and severe floods to both coastal and interior regions.

Furthermore, the United States sees dozens of catastrophic earthquakes annually, each of which is capable of causing power outages, fires, water-supply issues, and substantial loss of life and property. When two slabs of the ground abruptly move past one another, an earthquake occurs. The surface where the slippage occurs is known as the fault or fault plane.

Finally, there are the wildfires. A wildfire is an unintentional fire that starts in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are caused by natural occurrences such as lightning and can occur at any time. Wildfires, both natural and man-made, frequently devastate natural, commercial, and residential areas, making the affected lands more vulnerable to subsequent flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, falling embers can spread the wildfire by up to a mile, while smoke inhalation causes health concerns in nearby communities.

It is difficult to manage activities before, during, and after an emergency. Various factors must be addressed to account for all potential dangers that may be encountered. A comprehensive plan is required to ensure proper resource administration, activity execution, and first responder protection. Identifying prospective risks during the development of a disaster management plan aids in determining the necessary actions to prevent, control, and mitigate those hazards. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the development of a system to manage personnel during an emergency, the provision of training to face a specific hazard, the definition of personal protective equipment usage, and the installation of emergency procedures and mechanisms.

Extract B: Man-made Disasters

Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human actions, either intentionally or accidentally, that can have a direct or indirect impact on public health and well-being. These disasters are classified as sociological, technological, hazardous material, and transportation-related. Due to their unpredictable nature, man-made disasters present a significant challenge and require vigilance, preparedness and effective response.

It is important to consider sociological hazards as a significant source of man-made disasters. Among these hazards, crimes are a particularly noteworthy topic. A crime can be defined as a state-sanctioned action or omission that is subject to prosecution and punishment as prescribed by law. Additionally, as a sociological hazard, arson is the intentional starting of a fire with the intent to cause damage. In the past, the definition of arson has been expanded to include the burning of bridges, vehicles, and personal property, in addition to buildings. Arson is a significant contributor to fires in data storage facilities. Arson contributes significantly to fires in data storage facilities. In addition, human-caused fires can occur unintentionally, such as when equipment malfunctions.

Among the sociological dangers is the phenomenon of civil disorder, which encompasses a variety of disturbances that law enforcement may characterise as problematic. These disturbances may manifest as riots, sabotage, or other criminal acts. Despite the fact that not all instances of civil disturbance inevitably culminate in a catastrophe, the event has the potential to grow and lead to a state of universal anarchy. Diverse reasons, including economic factors such as a low minimum wage and difficulties related to racial segregation, may contribute to rioting. Further, the sociological hazard, terrorism, is a contentious term with various interpretations. One definition pertains to the utilisation of violent means aimed specifically at civilians. Another definition pertains to the employment or threatened employment of violence for the purpose of instilling fear in order to accomplish a political, religious, or ideological objective. Under the latter definition, the individuals or entities targeted by acts of terrorism can be diverse, encompassing civilians, government officials, military personnel, or those working in the service of governments.

Lastly, the sociological hazard referred to as war is a large-scale conflict between groups of individuals that involves the use of physical force through the employment of weapons. Such conflicts have resulted in the destruction of various cultures, nations, and economies, and have caused significant hardship to humanity. Other terminology that may be used to describe war include, but are not limited to, armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. It is important to note that acts of war are generally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster preparedness planning.

The second classification of man-made disasters is technological hazards. Industrial hazards in commercial settings, such as mining operations, frequently have a significant impact on the environment. Collapses of structures, which are frequently caused by engineering failures, can also pose a significant threat. When normal sources of electrical power are interrupted, power outages can vary in severity. However, prolonged outages can disrupt personal and business activities, resulting in substantial losses. Last but not least, fires such as bushfires, forest fires, and mine fires can cause significant damage when they are caused by natural causes or human error. If these fires intensify enough to generate their own winds and weather, they are capable of consuming vast areas.

The third category of major man-made disasters is those caused by hazardous materials, specifically radiation contamination. This happens when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems fail, releasing radioactive particles and nuclear fallout that can spread and irradiate vast areas. This not only poses an immediate threat but also has long-term effects on the health of those exposed and can render affected regions inhabitable. Ionising radiation poses a significant threat to living organisms due to its toxicity. The term CBRNs, which stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear, is used to refer to non-conventional terror threats that, if employed by a nation, would be considered the utilisation of weapons of mass destruction. Examples of their recent utilisation include warfare, ethnic conflicts and acts of terrorism.

The fourth and final major source of man-made disasters pertains to transportation incidents. These disasters often involve modes of transportation such as trains, buses, and ships, and have resulted in significant harm to travellers. One notable transportation disaster is the sinking of the Titanic which has become ingrained in history and is widely remembered and discussed.

Public health is concerned with mitigating man-made environmental disasters. The proper placement of hazardous sites and materials away from densely populated areas, establishing a robust environmental health infrastructure, conducting pilot studies and seeking expert advice before implementing potentially hazardous changes, and taking prompt and effective remedial action in the event of a disaster can reduce risks and minimise long-term health effects.

Extract A states that “90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding.” What does this imply?

Extract A: Natural Disasters

Natural Disasters, also referred to as natural hazards, are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors. Natural disasters damage property, wildlife, and people. Extreme weather can endanger lives, property, vital infrastructure, and national security. Seasonal and sporadic natural disasters disrupt and damage economies. Natural disasters endanger lives, damage infrastructure, and disrupt daily life. As a result of the occurrence of an incident, emergency response and recovery staff may face health concerns after an incident. Chemical, ergonomic, biological, radiological, psychological, and behavioural hazards exist. Thus, a disaster management plan must prepare, instruct, and protect emergency responders before, during, and after an event.

Beginning with winter storms, these events occur when a large amount of snow or ice accumulates in a short amount of time, obstructing roadways, interrupting communications systems, creating power outages, and posing a hazard to human life.

On top of that, 90% of natural disasters in the United States involve flooding. Flooding is the overflow of water onto typically dry ground. Floods can occur as a result of severe rainfall, the arrival of ocean waves, the rapid melting of snow, or the failure of dams or levees. A few inches of water may be sufficient to cause severe flooding, or it may reach the roof of a home. Floods can occur in minutes or over an extended period, and they can linger for days, weeks, or even longer. Floods cause more economic damage, loss of life, and loss of property than any other natural hazard.

In addition, each year, more than a thousand tornadoes strike the United States. Tornadoes are violently whirling air columns that descend from thunderstorms. Dark, greenish skies often signal it. Clouds darken. Possible baseball-sized hail. A funnel appears from a cloud. The funnel crashes and roars like a freight train. Tornadoes destroy everything. Tornadoes severely disrupt transportation, power, gas, water, and communication facilities.

Moreover, hurricanes may wreak havoc on parts of a country. Hurricanes are massive, whirlwind-like storms. They generate extremely strong winds that can destroy structures and trees. Hurricanes form over warm waters of the ocean. Occasionally they strike land. When a hurricane strikes land, a wall of ocean water is pushed ashore. This water wall is known as a storm surge. A hurricane’s heavy rainfall and storm surge can produce flooding. These bring about dangerously high winds, torrential rainfall, and severe floods to both coastal and interior regions.

Furthermore, the United States sees dozens of catastrophic earthquakes annually, each of which is capable of causing power outages, fires, water-supply issues, and substantial loss of life and property. When two slabs of the ground abruptly move past one another, an earthquake occurs. The surface where the slippage occurs is known as the fault or fault plane.

Finally, there are the wildfires. A wildfire is an unintentional fire that starts in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are caused by natural occurrences such as lightning and can occur at any time. Wildfires, both natural and man-made, frequently devastate natural, commercial, and residential areas, making the affected lands more vulnerable to subsequent flooding and mudslides. Furthermore, falling embers can spread the wildfire by up to a mile, while smoke inhalation causes health concerns in nearby communities.

It is difficult to manage activities before, during, and after an emergency. Various factors must be addressed to account for all potential dangers that may be encountered. A comprehensive plan is required to ensure proper resource administration, activity execution, and first responder protection. Identifying prospective risks during the development of a disaster management plan aids in determining the necessary actions to prevent, control, and mitigate those hazards. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the development of a system to manage personnel during an emergency, the provision of training to face a specific hazard, the definition of personal protective equipment usage, and the installation of emergency procedures and mechanisms.

Extract B: Man-made Disasters

Man-made disasters are events that are caused by human actions, either intentionally or accidentally, that can have a direct or indirect impact on public health and well-being. These disasters are classified as sociological, technological, hazardous material, and transportation-related. Due to their unpredictable nature, man-made disasters present a significant challenge and require vigilance, preparedness and effective response.

It is important to consider sociological hazards as a significant source of man-made disasters. Among these hazards, crimes are a particularly noteworthy topic. A crime can be defined as a state-sanctioned action or omission that is subject to prosecution and punishment as prescribed by law. Additionally, as a sociological hazard, arson is the intentional starting of a fire with the intent to cause damage. In the past, the definition of arson has been expanded to include the burning of bridges, vehicles, and personal property, in addition to buildings. Arson is a significant contributor to fires in data storage facilities. Arson contributes significantly to fires in data storage facilities. In addition, human-caused fires can occur unintentionally, such as when equipment malfunctions.

Among the sociological dangers is the phenomenon of civil disorder, which encompasses a variety of disturbances that law enforcement may characterise as problematic. These disturbances may manifest as riots, sabotage, or other criminal acts. Despite the fact that not all instances of civil disturbance inevitably culminate in a catastrophe, the event has the potential to grow and lead to a state of universal anarchy. Diverse reasons, including economic factors such as a low minimum wage and difficulties related to racial segregation, may contribute to rioting. Further, the sociological hazard, terrorism, is a contentious term with various interpretations. One definition pertains to the utilisation of violent means aimed specifically at civilians. Another definition pertains to the employment or threatened employment of violence for the purpose of instilling fear in order to accomplish a political, religious, or ideological objective. Under the latter definition, the individuals or entities targeted by acts of terrorism can be diverse, encompassing civilians, government officials, military personnel, or those working in the service of governments.

Lastly, the sociological hazard referred to as war is a large-scale conflict between groups of individuals that involves the use of physical force through the employment of weapons. Such conflicts have resulted in the destruction of various cultures, nations, and economies, and have caused significant hardship to humanity. Other terminology that may be used to describe war include, but are not limited to, armed conflict, hostilities, and police action. It is important to note that acts of war are generally excluded from insurance contracts and disaster preparedness planning.

The second classification of man-made disasters is technological hazards. Industrial hazards in commercial settings, such as mining operations, frequently have a significant impact on the environment. Collapses of structures, which are frequently caused by engineering failures, can also pose a significant threat. When normal sources of electrical power are interrupted, power outages can vary in severity. However, prolonged outages can disrupt personal and business activities, resulting in substantial losses. Last but not least, fires such as bushfires, forest fires, and mine fires can cause significant damage when they are caused by natural causes or human error. If these fires intensify enough to generate their own winds and weather, they are capable of consuming vast areas.

The third category of major man-made disasters is those caused by hazardous materials, specifically radiation contamination. This happens when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems fail, releasing radioactive particles and nuclear fallout that can spread and irradiate vast areas. This not only poses an immediate threat but also has long-term effects on the health of those exposed and can render affected regions inhabitable. Ionising radiation poses a significant threat to living organisms due to its toxicity. The term CBRNs, which stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear, is used to refer to non-conventional terror threats that, if employed by a nation, would be considered the utilisation of weapons of mass destruction. Examples of their recent utilisation include warfare, ethnic conflicts and acts of terrorism.

The fourth and final major source of man-made disasters pertains to transportation incidents. These disasters often involve modes of transportation such as trains, buses, and ships, and have resulted in significant harm to travellers. One notable transportation disaster is the sinking of the Titanic which has become ingrained in history and is widely remembered and discussed.

Public health is concerned with mitigating man-made environmental disasters. The proper placement of hazardous sites and materials away from densely populated areas, establishing a robust environmental health infrastructure, conducting pilot studies and seeking expert advice before implementing potentially hazardous changes, and taking prompt and effective remedial action in the event of a disaster can reduce risks and minimise long-term health effects.

In extract B, what is the significance of the Titanic?

In the City by Joseph G. Mutiga

All moving the Lord knows where,

Dressed in suits and tatters,

Bowties, tights, ochred sheets and earrings,

All thinking of things to come,

Africa is in a state of opportunity, 5

All look for easy chances.

Of self-upliftment or undeserved promotion

That often mirage further and further

Making frustrate

Minds that should be content 10

It is a time of opportunity-

When one line makes a poet

And a little acquaintance or chance

Rockets one to the highest office

But the peasant, the pillar of the nation, 15

Has only to cope with prices that shift

Like the waves that rock the ship

carrying yellow maize to the city.

The employed call out strikes

That only deplete the little funds 20

That may relieve the peasant-

The elder brother keeps the younger in hunger

At home, if there’s any,

The child plays with an empty bottle,

Cries for more milk 25

When the cost is daily on the rise

While the incomes remain static

And the higher brackets are daily filled

By youths that will not retire

Within this century. 30

The child laughs gaily,

Displaying its only four teeth

That show it grows to eat,

Unaware of all that shapes her decade

How would you describe what the poem is about?

In the City by Joseph G. Mutiga

All moving the Lord knows where,

Dressed in suits and tatters,

Bowties, tights, ochred sheets and earrings,

All thinking of things to come,

Africa is in a state of opportunity, 5

All look for easy chances.

Of self-upliftment or undeserved promotion

That often mirage further and further

Making frustrate

Minds that should be content 10

It is a time of opportunity-

When one line makes a poet

And a little acquaintance or chance

Rockets one to the highest office

But the peasant, the pillar of the nation, 15

Has only to cope with prices that shift

Like the waves that rock the ship

carrying yellow maize to the city.

The employed call out strikes

That only deplete the little funds 20

That may relieve the peasant-

The elder brother keeps the younger in hunger

At home, if there’s any,

The child plays with an empty bottle,

Cries for more milk 25

When the cost is daily on the rise

While the incomes remain static

And the higher brackets are daily filled

By youths that will not retire

Within this century. 30

The child laughs gaily,

Displaying its only four teeth

That show it grows to eat,

Unaware of all that shapes her decade

What is the first line of the poem trying to imply?

In the City by Joseph G. Mutiga

All moving the Lord knows where,

Dressed in suits and tatters,

Bowties, tights, ochred sheets and earrings,

All thinking of things to come,

Africa is in a state of opportunity, 5

All look for easy chances.

Of self-upliftment or undeserved promotion

That often mirage further and further

Making frustrate

Minds that should be content 10

It is a time of opportunity-

When one line makes a poet

And a little acquaintance or chance

Rockets one to the highest office

But the peasant, the pillar of the nation, 15

Has only to cope with prices that shift

Like the waves that rock the ship

carrying yellow maize to the city.

The employed call out strikes

That only deplete the little funds 20

That may relieve the peasant-

The elder brother keeps the younger in hunger

At home, if there’s any,

The child plays with an empty bottle,

Cries for more milk 25

When the cost is daily on the rise

While the incomes remain static

And the higher brackets are daily filled

By youths that will not retire

Within this century. 30

The child laughs gaily,

Displaying its only four teeth

That show it grows to eat,

Unaware of all that shapes her decade

How would you characterise the society depicted in the poem?

In the City by Joseph G. Mutiga

All moving the Lord knows where,

Dressed in suits and tatters,

Bowties, tights, ochred sheets and earrings,

All thinking of things to come,

Africa is in a state of opportunity, 5

All look for easy chances.

Of self-upliftment or undeserved promotion

That often mirage further and further

Making frustrate

Minds that should be content 10

It is a time of opportunity-

When one line makes a poet

And a little acquaintance or chance

Rockets one to the highest office

But the peasant, the pillar of the nation, 15

Has only to cope with prices that shift

Like the waves that rock the ship

carrying yellow maize to the city.

The employed call out strikes

That only deplete the little funds 20

That may relieve the peasant-

The elder brother keeps the younger in hunger

At home, if there’s any,

The child plays with an empty bottle,

Cries for more milk 25

When the cost is daily on the rise

While the incomes remain static

And the higher brackets are daily filled

By youths that will not retire

Within this century. 30

The child laughs gaily,

Displaying its only four teeth

That show it grows to eat,

Unaware of all that shapes her decade

What is line 15 trying to convey when it referred to the peasant as “the pillar of the nation”?

In the City by Joseph G. Mutiga

All moving the Lord knows where,

Dressed in suits and tatters,

Bowties, tights, ochred sheets and earrings,

All thinking of things to come,

Africa is in a state of opportunity, 5

All look for easy chances.

Of self-upliftment or undeserved promotion

That often mirage further and further

Making frustrate

Minds that should be content 10

It is a time of opportunity-

When one line makes a poet

And a little acquaintance or chance

Rockets one to the highest office

But the peasant, the pillar of the nation, 15

Has only to cope with prices that shift

Like the waves that rock the ship

carrying yellow maize to the city.

The employed call out strikes

That only deplete the little funds 20

That may relieve the peasant-

The elder brother keeps the younger in hunger

At home, if there’s any,

The child plays with an empty bottle,

Cries for more milk 25

When the cost is daily on the rise

While the incomes remain static

And the higher brackets are daily filled

By youths that will not retire

Within this century. 30

The child laughs gaily,

Displaying its only four teeth

That show it grows to eat,

Unaware of all that shapes her decade

Which of the following lines from the poem is NOT an example of imagery?

In the City by Joseph G. Mutiga

All moving the Lord knows where,

Dressed in suits and tatters,

Bowties, tights, ochred sheets and earrings,

All thinking of things to come,

Africa is in a state of opportunity, 5

All look for easy chances.

Of self-upliftment or undeserved promotion

That often mirage further and further

Making frustrate

Minds that should be content 10

It is a time of opportunity-

When one line makes a poet

And a little acquaintance or chance

Rockets one to the highest office

But the peasant, the pillar of the nation, 15

Has only to cope with prices that shift

Like the waves that rock the ship

carrying yellow maize to the city.

The employed call out strikes

That only deplete the little funds 20

That may relieve the peasant-

The elder brother keeps the younger in hunger

At home, if there’s any,

The child plays with an empty bottle,

Cries for more milk 25

When the cost is daily on the rise

While the incomes remain static

And the higher brackets are daily filled

By youths that will not retire

Within this century. 30

The child laughs gaily,

Displaying its only four teeth

That show it grows to eat,

Unaware of all that shapes her decade

How does the poem portray the children in Africa?

Restoring Ice Age Ecosystem with Baby Bison

If Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has you yearning to see dinosaurs in the wild, you’re out of luck. 13………………………… In the near future, however, if Nikita and Sergey Zimov have their way, a prehistoric Ice Age environment may become a reality. Their purpose is to keep the Arctic permafrost from melting, not to attract tourists.

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are covered by a thick layer of frozen subsurface soil that contains billions of tonnes of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide or methane when the soil melts. 14………………………… In addition, the melting of the ice layer results in erosion in the parched Arctic landscape and the development of large craters, such as the ever-expanding, approximately 100-metre-deep Batagaika crater in Eastern Siberia. Sergey and Nikita believe that the secret to preserving permafrost is to reintroduce the Ice Age grassland landscape, or mammoth steppe, and species, like as horses, reindeer, musk ox, bison, and, as the name suggests, woolly mammoths, who roamed the region more than 20,000 years ago.

15………………………… First, they collect carbon dioxide from the air and store it for decades, if not centuries, in their roots. In addition, the grass reflects more sunlight than the previous forest and shrubs, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. By grazing the grass and fertilising the soil, the animals help to the cause. The herbivores also consume the “enemies” of grass, such as mosses, bushes, and trees, and keep the ground cooler, especially during the winter. Nikita adds, “When animals stomp the snow, they actually reduce the snow layer and make it more solid, allowing for significantly deeper freezing throughout the winter.”

In 1996, Sergey walled off 20 acres of his family’s land in an isolated location of northern Siberia to create the appropriately-named Pleistocene Park, which marked the beginning of the attempt to restore the ecosystem of the past. In an effort to restore the ancient mammoth steppe ecology, he and his son Nikita have stocked the park with 90 herbivore species over the years, including musk, ox, moose, sheep, and yaks. Even though the last two species were not indigenous to the region during the Ice Age, their grazing behaviour is similar to that of Ice Age animals. Bison and the extinct woolly mammoth were two essential species that were absent from this massive endeavour. 16………………………… 

After a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2017, the trio negotiated an arrangement with a Russian zoo to acquire six bison. Unfortunately, the transaction was illegal, and the plans fell through. Conservationists stated in April 2018 that, undeterred, they had bought twelve newborn bison from an Alaska Native American tribe near Fairbanks. To help pay the $98,000 needed to charter an aeroplane to transport the 300-400 pound cattle, they have recently opened a new fundraising campaign on Indiegogo and have already earned $65,000. 17………………………… They have collaborated with Harvard professor George Church to change the DNA of an Asian elephant and resuscitate around 4,000-year-old woolly mammoths using the genome-editing technique CRISPR. Church anticipates that this accomplishment will be realisable within the next ten years.

Even if the father and son can demonstrate that restoring the old ecology could help avert climate change, Pleistocene Park is only a model. 18………………………… Nikita believes that this is not the most significant challenge they must face. He asserts, “The most significant change must occur in the thinking of individuals. We will be unable to construct our ecosystem until we shift the mental models of the population. This is among the most challenging tasks. Bison importation is straightforward. The difficult part is convincing everyone that the best course of action is the right one.” With any luck, the success of the Pleistocene Park project will persuade even the most sceptical persons of climate change.

Restoring Ice Age Ecosystem with Baby Bison

If Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has you yearning to see dinosaurs in the wild, you’re out of luck. 13………………………… In the near future, however, if Nikita and Sergey Zimov have their way, a prehistoric Ice Age environment may become a reality. Their purpose is to keep the Arctic permafrost from melting, not to attract tourists.

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are covered by a thick layer of frozen subsurface soil that contains billions of tonnes of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide or methane when the soil melts. 14………………………… In addition, the melting of the ice layer results in erosion in the parched Arctic landscape and the development of large craters, such as the ever-expanding, approximately 100-metre-deep Batagaika crater in Eastern Siberia. Sergey and Nikita believe that the secret to preserving permafrost is to reintroduce the Ice Age grassland landscape, or mammoth steppe, and species, like as horses, reindeer, musk ox, bison, and, as the name suggests, woolly mammoths, who roamed the region more than 20,000 years ago.

15………………………… First, they collect carbon dioxide from the air and store it for decades, if not centuries, in their roots. In addition, the grass reflects more sunlight than the previous forest and shrubs, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. By grazing the grass and fertilising the soil, the animals help to the cause. The herbivores also consume the “enemies” of grass, such as mosses, bushes, and trees, and keep the ground cooler, especially during the winter. Nikita adds, “When animals stomp the snow, they actually reduce the snow layer and make it more solid, allowing for significantly deeper freezing throughout the winter.”

In 1996, Sergey walled off 20 acres of his family’s land in an isolated location of northern Siberia to create the appropriately-named Pleistocene Park, which marked the beginning of the attempt to restore the ecosystem of the past. In an effort to restore the ancient mammoth steppe ecology, he and his son Nikita have stocked the park with 90 herbivore species over the years, including musk, ox, moose, sheep, and yaks. Even though the last two species were not indigenous to the region during the Ice Age, their grazing behaviour is similar to that of Ice Age animals. Bison and the extinct woolly mammoth were two essential species that were absent from this massive endeavour. 16………………………… 

After a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2017, the trio negotiated an arrangement with a Russian zoo to acquire six bison. Unfortunately, the transaction was illegal, and the plans fell through. Conservationists stated in April 2018 that, undeterred, they had bought twelve newborn bison from an Alaska Native American tribe near Fairbanks. To help pay the $98,000 needed to charter an aeroplane to transport the 300-400 pound cattle, they have recently opened a new fundraising campaign on Indiegogo and have already earned $65,000. 17………………………… They have collaborated with Harvard professor George Church to change the DNA of an Asian elephant and resuscitate around 4,000-year-old woolly mammoths using the genome-editing technique CRISPR. Church anticipates that this accomplishment will be realisable within the next ten years.

Even if the father and son can demonstrate that restoring the old ecology could help avert climate change, Pleistocene Park is only a model. 18………………………… Nikita believes that this is not the most significant challenge they must face. He asserts, “The most significant change must occur in the thinking of individuals. We will be unable to construct our ecosystem until we shift the mental models of the population. This is among the most challenging tasks. Bison importation is straightforward. The difficult part is convincing everyone that the best course of action is the right one.” With any luck, the success of the Pleistocene Park project will persuade even the most sceptical persons of climate change.

Restoring Ice Age Ecosystem with Baby Bison

If Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has you yearning to see dinosaurs in the wild, you’re out of luck. 13………………………… In the near future, however, if Nikita and Sergey Zimov have their way, a prehistoric Ice Age environment may become a reality. Their purpose is to keep the Arctic permafrost from melting, not to attract tourists.

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are covered by a thick layer of frozen subsurface soil that contains billions of tonnes of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide or methane when the soil melts. 14………………………… In addition, the melting of the ice layer results in erosion in the parched Arctic landscape and the development of large craters, such as the ever-expanding, approximately 100-metre-deep Batagaika crater in Eastern Siberia. Sergey and Nikita believe that the secret to preserving permafrost is to reintroduce the Ice Age grassland landscape, or mammoth steppe, and species, like as horses, reindeer, musk ox, bison, and, as the name suggests, woolly mammoths, who roamed the region more than 20,000 years ago.

15………………………… First, they collect carbon dioxide from the air and store it for decades, if not centuries, in their roots. In addition, the grass reflects more sunlight than the previous forest and shrubs, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. By grazing the grass and fertilising the soil, the animals help to the cause. The herbivores also consume the “enemies” of grass, such as mosses, bushes, and trees, and keep the ground cooler, especially during the winter. Nikita adds, “When animals stomp the snow, they actually reduce the snow layer and make it more solid, allowing for significantly deeper freezing throughout the winter.”

In 1996, Sergey walled off 20 acres of his family’s land in an isolated location of northern Siberia to create the appropriately-named Pleistocene Park, which marked the beginning of the attempt to restore the ecosystem of the past. In an effort to restore the ancient mammoth steppe ecology, he and his son Nikita have stocked the park with 90 herbivore species over the years, including musk, ox, moose, sheep, and yaks. Even though the last two species were not indigenous to the region during the Ice Age, their grazing behaviour is similar to that of Ice Age animals. Bison and the extinct woolly mammoth were two essential species that were absent from this massive endeavour. 16………………………… 

After a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2017, the trio negotiated an arrangement with a Russian zoo to acquire six bison. Unfortunately, the transaction was illegal, and the plans fell through. Conservationists stated in April 2018 that, undeterred, they had bought twelve newborn bison from an Alaska Native American tribe near Fairbanks. To help pay the $98,000 needed to charter an aeroplane to transport the 300-400 pound cattle, they have recently opened a new fundraising campaign on Indiegogo and have already earned $65,000. 17………………………… They have collaborated with Harvard professor George Church to change the DNA of an Asian elephant and resuscitate around 4,000-year-old woolly mammoths using the genome-editing technique CRISPR. Church anticipates that this accomplishment will be realisable within the next ten years.

Even if the father and son can demonstrate that restoring the old ecology could help avert climate change, Pleistocene Park is only a model. 18………………………… Nikita believes that this is not the most significant challenge they must face. He asserts, “The most significant change must occur in the thinking of individuals. We will be unable to construct our ecosystem until we shift the mental models of the population. This is among the most challenging tasks. Bison importation is straightforward. The difficult part is convincing everyone that the best course of action is the right one.” With any luck, the success of the Pleistocene Park project will persuade even the most sceptical persons of climate change.

Restoring Ice Age Ecosystem with Baby Bison

If Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has you yearning to see dinosaurs in the wild, you’re out of luck. 13………………………… In the near future, however, if Nikita and Sergey Zimov have their way, a prehistoric Ice Age environment may become a reality. Their purpose is to keep the Arctic permafrost from melting, not to attract tourists.

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are covered by a thick layer of frozen subsurface soil that contains billions of tonnes of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide or methane when the soil melts. 14………………………… In addition, the melting of the ice layer results in erosion in the parched Arctic landscape and the development of large craters, such as the ever-expanding, approximately 100-metre-deep Batagaika crater in Eastern Siberia. Sergey and Nikita believe that the secret to preserving permafrost is to reintroduce the Ice Age grassland landscape, or mammoth steppe, and species, like as horses, reindeer, musk ox, bison, and, as the name suggests, woolly mammoths, who roamed the region more than 20,000 years ago.

15………………………… First, they collect carbon dioxide from the air and store it for decades, if not centuries, in their roots. In addition, the grass reflects more sunlight than the previous forest and shrubs, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. By grazing the grass and fertilising the soil, the animals help to the cause. The herbivores also consume the “enemies” of grass, such as mosses, bushes, and trees, and keep the ground cooler, especially during the winter. Nikita adds, “When animals stomp the snow, they actually reduce the snow layer and make it more solid, allowing for significantly deeper freezing throughout the winter.”

In 1996, Sergey walled off 20 acres of his family’s land in an isolated location of northern Siberia to create the appropriately-named Pleistocene Park, which marked the beginning of the attempt to restore the ecosystem of the past. In an effort to restore the ancient mammoth steppe ecology, he and his son Nikita have stocked the park with 90 herbivore species over the years, including musk, ox, moose, sheep, and yaks. Even though the last two species were not indigenous to the region during the Ice Age, their grazing behaviour is similar to that of Ice Age animals. Bison and the extinct woolly mammoth were two essential species that were absent from this massive endeavour. 16………………………… 

After a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2017, the trio negotiated an arrangement with a Russian zoo to acquire six bison. Unfortunately, the transaction was illegal, and the plans fell through. Conservationists stated in April 2018 that, undeterred, they had bought twelve newborn bison from an Alaska Native American tribe near Fairbanks. To help pay the $98,000 needed to charter an aeroplane to transport the 300-400 pound cattle, they have recently opened a new fundraising campaign on Indiegogo and have already earned $65,000. 17………………………… They have collaborated with Harvard professor George Church to change the DNA of an Asian elephant and resuscitate around 4,000-year-old woolly mammoths using the genome-editing technique CRISPR. Church anticipates that this accomplishment will be realisable within the next ten years.

Even if the father and son can demonstrate that restoring the old ecology could help avert climate change, Pleistocene Park is only a model. 18………………………… Nikita believes that this is not the most significant challenge they must face. He asserts, “The most significant change must occur in the thinking of individuals. We will be unable to construct our ecosystem until we shift the mental models of the population. This is among the most challenging tasks. Bison importation is straightforward. The difficult part is convincing everyone that the best course of action is the right one.” With any luck, the success of the Pleistocene Park project will persuade even the most sceptical persons of climate change.

Restoring Ice Age Ecosystem with Baby Bison

If Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has you yearning to see dinosaurs in the wild, you’re out of luck. 13………………………… In the near future, however, if Nikita and Sergey Zimov have their way, a prehistoric Ice Age environment may become a reality. Their purpose is to keep the Arctic permafrost from melting, not to attract tourists.

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are covered by a thick layer of frozen subsurface soil that contains billions of tonnes of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide or methane when the soil melts. 14………………………… In addition, the melting of the ice layer results in erosion in the parched Arctic landscape and the development of large craters, such as the ever-expanding, approximately 100-metre-deep Batagaika crater in Eastern Siberia. Sergey and Nikita believe that the secret to preserving permafrost is to reintroduce the Ice Age grassland landscape, or mammoth steppe, and species, like as horses, reindeer, musk ox, bison, and, as the name suggests, woolly mammoths, who roamed the region more than 20,000 years ago.

15………………………… First, they collect carbon dioxide from the air and store it for decades, if not centuries, in their roots. In addition, the grass reflects more sunlight than the previous forest and shrubs, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. By grazing the grass and fertilising the soil, the animals help to the cause. The herbivores also consume the “enemies” of grass, such as mosses, bushes, and trees, and keep the ground cooler, especially during the winter. Nikita adds, “When animals stomp the snow, they actually reduce the snow layer and make it more solid, allowing for significantly deeper freezing throughout the winter.”

In 1996, Sergey walled off 20 acres of his family’s land in an isolated location of northern Siberia to create the appropriately-named Pleistocene Park, which marked the beginning of the attempt to restore the ecosystem of the past. In an effort to restore the ancient mammoth steppe ecology, he and his son Nikita have stocked the park with 90 herbivore species over the years, including musk, ox, moose, sheep, and yaks. Even though the last two species were not indigenous to the region during the Ice Age, their grazing behaviour is similar to that of Ice Age animals. Bison and the extinct woolly mammoth were two essential species that were absent from this massive endeavour. 16………………………… 

After a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2017, the trio negotiated an arrangement with a Russian zoo to acquire six bison. Unfortunately, the transaction was illegal, and the plans fell through. Conservationists stated in April 2018 that, undeterred, they had bought twelve newborn bison from an Alaska Native American tribe near Fairbanks. To help pay the $98,000 needed to charter an aeroplane to transport the 300-400 pound cattle, they have recently opened a new fundraising campaign on Indiegogo and have already earned $65,000. 17………………………… They have collaborated with Harvard professor George Church to change the DNA of an Asian elephant and resuscitate around 4,000-year-old woolly mammoths using the genome-editing technique CRISPR. Church anticipates that this accomplishment will be realisable within the next ten years.

Even if the father and son can demonstrate that restoring the old ecology could help avert climate change, Pleistocene Park is only a model. 18………………………… Nikita believes that this is not the most significant challenge they must face. He asserts, “The most significant change must occur in the thinking of individuals. We will be unable to construct our ecosystem until we shift the mental models of the population. This is among the most challenging tasks. Bison importation is straightforward. The difficult part is convincing everyone that the best course of action is the right one.” With any luck, the success of the Pleistocene Park project will persuade even the most sceptical persons of climate change.

Restoring Ice Age Ecosystem with Baby Bison

If Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has you yearning to see dinosaurs in the wild, you’re out of luck. 13………………………… In the near future, however, if Nikita and Sergey Zimov have their way, a prehistoric Ice Age environment may become a reality. Their purpose is to keep the Arctic permafrost from melting, not to attract tourists.

The Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are covered by a thick layer of frozen subsurface soil that contains billions of tonnes of carbon, which is released as carbon dioxide or methane when the soil melts. 14………………………… In addition, the melting of the ice layer results in erosion in the parched Arctic landscape and the development of large craters, such as the ever-expanding, approximately 100-metre-deep Batagaika crater in Eastern Siberia. Sergey and Nikita believe that the secret to preserving permafrost is to reintroduce the Ice Age grassland landscape, or mammoth steppe, and species, like as horses, reindeer, musk ox, bison, and, as the name suggests, woolly mammoths, who roamed the region more than 20,000 years ago.

15………………………… First, they collect carbon dioxide from the air and store it for decades, if not centuries, in their roots. In addition, the grass reflects more sunlight than the previous forest and shrubs, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. By grazing the grass and fertilising the soil, the animals help to the cause. The herbivores also consume the “enemies” of grass, such as mosses, bushes, and trees, and keep the ground cooler, especially during the winter. Nikita adds, “When animals stomp the snow, they actually reduce the snow layer and make it more solid, allowing for significantly deeper freezing throughout the winter.”

In 1996, Sergey walled off 20 acres of his family’s land in an isolated location of northern Siberia to create the appropriately-named Pleistocene Park, which marked the beginning of the attempt to restore the ecosystem of the past. In an effort to restore the ancient mammoth steppe ecology, he and his son Nikita have stocked the park with 90 herbivore species over the years, including musk, ox, moose, sheep, and yaks. Even though the last two species were not indigenous to the region during the Ice Age, their grazing behaviour is similar to that of Ice Age animals. Bison and the extinct woolly mammoth were two essential species that were absent from this massive endeavour. 16………………………… 

After a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2017, the trio negotiated an arrangement with a Russian zoo to acquire six bison. Unfortunately, the transaction was illegal, and the plans fell through. Conservationists stated in April 2018 that, undeterred, they had bought twelve newborn bison from an Alaska Native American tribe near Fairbanks. To help pay the $98,000 needed to charter an aeroplane to transport the 300-400 pound cattle, they have recently opened a new fundraising campaign on Indiegogo and have already earned $65,000. 17………………………… They have collaborated with Harvard professor George Church to change the DNA of an Asian elephant and resuscitate around 4,000-year-old woolly mammoths using the genome-editing technique CRISPR. Church anticipates that this accomplishment will be realisable within the next ten years.

Even if the father and son can demonstrate that restoring the old ecology could help avert climate change, Pleistocene Park is only a model. 18………………………… Nikita believes that this is not the most significant challenge they must face. He asserts, “The most significant change must occur in the thinking of individuals. We will be unable to construct our ecosystem until we shift the mental models of the population. This is among the most challenging tasks. Bison importation is straightforward. The difficult part is convincing everyone that the best course of action is the right one.” With any luck, the success of the Pleistocene Park project will persuade even the most sceptical persons of climate change.

Which extract mentions about a financial instrument that can be issued when a company needs cash besides the other choice of lending from a bank?

Which extract mentions about a financial instrument where partakers agree to trade shares of a particular firm at a certain day and cost?

Which extract mentions about a financial instrument that enables individuals to loan funds to a borrower and receive compensation in a specific form?

Which extract mentions about a financial instrument where a certain person manages finances and makes investment decisions based on market analysis on the owner’s behalf?

Which extract mentions about a financial instrument wherein individuals have different views about how much the resources being traded in its market is worth?

Which extract mentions about a financial instrument that is a collection of money from numerous individuals used together to obtain investments?

The Science Behind Grilling the Perfect Steak 

Meat scientists have devoted their entire careers to discovering how to create the most delicate and tasty beef imaginably. The majority of their conclusions apply exclusively to cattle producers and processors, but a couple of their findings can assist backyard grillmasters with meat selection and grilling process details.

Every seasoned chef is aware of searching for steaks with abundant marbling, the fat deposits between muscle fibres that indicate high-quality meat. Sulaiman Matarneh, a meat scientist at Utah State University who published about muscle biology and meat quality in the 2021 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, asserts, “If the meat has more marbling, it will be more tender, juicy, and flavorful.” In terms of flavour, the differences between steaks are largely a function of fat content: the degree of marbling and the composition of the fatty acid subunits inside the fat molecules. Jerrad Legako, a meat scientist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, describes oleic acid as “the one fatty acid that commonly correlates with a pleasurable eating experience” In comparison, sirloin has less oleic acid and more fatty acid types that can produce less desirable, fishy flavour indications when cooked. This fatty acid distinction plays a significant role in the steak-buying decision of consumers. 

Meat from grain-fed cattle, which spend their last months in a feedlot eating a diet rich in maize and soybeans, contains more oleic acid. Animals that spend their entire lives grazing on pasture have a greater proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids that degrade into smaller molecules with fishy and gamy flavours. Many buyers choose grass-fed beef anyway, either to avoid the ethical problems associated with feedlots or because they like the beef’s gamier flavour and leaner texture.

However, the cooking method has the most impact on the ultimate flavour of the steak. Cooking meat does two things in terms of flavour. First, the grill’s heat breaks down the meat’s fatty acids into smaller, more volatile molecules, which are more prone to escape into the air. These volatiles are responsible for the scent of the steak, which contributes significantly to its flavour. In this breakdown mixture, the molecules aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are what humans sense as beefy. Browning, which chemists refer to as the Maillard reaction, is the second method of flavour development in cooking. This is an extraordinarily complex process in which amino acids and residues of sugars in the meat react at high temperatures to initiate a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of numerous volatile byproducts. The longer and hotter the cooking, the farther into the Maillard reaction you go and the more of these beneficial end products you obtain, up until the point where the meat begins to scorch and produce bitter, burnt flavours. 

According to Chris Kerth, a meat scientist at Texas A&M University, thin steaks require a hot grill to get sufficient browning in the little time available. Kerth and his colleagues have examined this process in the laboratory and  discovered that thin, half-inch steaks cooked at relatively low temperatures have predominantly the meaty flavours indicative of fatty acid breakdown, whereas higher temperatures also yield a significant amount of roasty pyrazines due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, if your steak is thin, crank up the heat and leave the grill lid open so that the meat cooks more slowly. This will allow you to develop a complex beef roast flavour.

When the scientists tried steaks with a thickness of 1.5 inches, the opposite situation occurred: the exterior burned before the interior was fully cooked. For these steaks, a moderate grill temperature produced the optimal volatile flavour profile. And indeed, when Kerth’s team tested their steaks on actual diners, they discovered that thick steaks grilled quickly and at high temperatures received lower scores. The other temperatures and cooking durations were deemed comparable by diners, but thick steaks cooked at moderate temperatures won by a hair.

This may seem unusual given that steakhouses frequently boast of their thick cuts of prime beef and strong grilling temperatures – the precise combination that Kerth’s study revealed to be the least attractive. It works because steakhouses use a two-step cooking process: first, the meat is seared on a hot grill, and then it is finished in a moderate oven. “That manner, they may achieve the desired degree of doneness,” explains Kerth. The same can be achieved by placing seared meat in an oven preheated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit until it reaches the desired doneness.

Kerth has one more piece of advice for home cooks: Be vigilant when grilling meat! “At those temperatures, a great deal occurs in a short amount of time,” he explains. The rate at which chemical reactions occur increases dramatically. This is the scientific basis for what every expert griller has learnt from hard experience: if you’re not paying attention, it’s simple to burn the meat.

Identify what type of text the article is:

The Science Behind Grilling the Perfect Steak 

Meat scientists have devoted their entire careers to discovering how to create the most delicate and tasty beef imaginably. The majority of their conclusions apply exclusively to cattle producers and processors, but a couple of their findings can assist backyard grillmasters with meat selection and grilling process details.

Every seasoned chef is aware of searching for steaks with abundant marbling, the fat deposits between muscle fibres that indicate high-quality meat. Sulaiman Matarneh, a meat scientist at Utah State University who published about muscle biology and meat quality in the 2021 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, asserts, “If the meat has more marbling, it will be more tender, juicy, and flavorful.” In terms of flavour, the differences between steaks are largely a function of fat content: the degree of marbling and the composition of the fatty acid subunits inside the fat molecules. Jerrad Legako, a meat scientist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, describes oleic acid as “the one fatty acid that commonly correlates with a pleasurable eating experience” In comparison, sirloin has less oleic acid and more fatty acid types that can produce less desirable, fishy flavour indications when cooked. This fatty acid distinction plays a significant role in the steak-buying decision of consumers. 

Meat from grain-fed cattle, which spend their last months in a feedlot eating a diet rich in maize and soybeans, contains more oleic acid. Animals that spend their entire lives grazing on pasture have a greater proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids that degrade into smaller molecules with fishy and gamy flavours. Many buyers choose grass-fed beef anyway, either to avoid the ethical problems associated with feedlots or because they like the beef’s gamier flavour and leaner texture.

However, the cooking method has the most impact on the ultimate flavour of the steak. Cooking meat does two things in terms of flavour. First, the grill’s heat breaks down the meat’s fatty acids into smaller, more volatile molecules, which are more prone to escape into the air. These volatiles are responsible for the scent of the steak, which contributes significantly to its flavour. In this breakdown mixture, the molecules aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are what humans sense as beefy. Browning, which chemists refer to as the Maillard reaction, is the second method of flavour development in cooking. This is an extraordinarily complex process in which amino acids and residues of sugars in the meat react at high temperatures to initiate a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of numerous volatile byproducts. The longer and hotter the cooking, the farther into the Maillard reaction you go and the more of these beneficial end products you obtain, up until the point where the meat begins to scorch and produce bitter, burnt flavours. 

According to Chris Kerth, a meat scientist at Texas A&M University, thin steaks require a hot grill to get sufficient browning in the little time available. Kerth and his colleagues have examined this process in the laboratory and  discovered that thin, half-inch steaks cooked at relatively low temperatures have predominantly the meaty flavours indicative of fatty acid breakdown, whereas higher temperatures also yield a significant amount of roasty pyrazines due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, if your steak is thin, crank up the heat and leave the grill lid open so that the meat cooks more slowly. This will allow you to develop a complex beef roast flavour.

When the scientists tried steaks with a thickness of 1.5 inches, the opposite situation occurred: the exterior burned before the interior was fully cooked. For these steaks, a moderate grill temperature produced the optimal volatile flavour profile. And indeed, when Kerth’s team tested their steaks on actual diners, they discovered that thick steaks grilled quickly and at high temperatures received lower scores. The other temperatures and cooking durations were deemed comparable by diners, but thick steaks cooked at moderate temperatures won by a hair.

This may seem unusual given that steakhouses frequently boast of their thick cuts of prime beef and strong grilling temperatures – the precise combination that Kerth’s study revealed to be the least attractive. It works because steakhouses use a two-step cooking process: first, the meat is seared on a hot grill, and then it is finished in a moderate oven. “That manner, they may achieve the desired degree of doneness,” explains Kerth. The same can be achieved by placing seared meat in an oven preheated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit until it reaches the desired doneness.

Kerth has one more piece of advice for home cooks: Be vigilant when grilling meat! “At those temperatures, a great deal occurs in a short amount of time,” he explains. The rate at which chemical reactions occur increases dramatically. This is the scientific basis for what every expert griller has learnt from hard experience: if you’re not paying attention, it’s simple to burn the meat.

Which of the following is NOT true about grilling meat?

The Science Behind Grilling the Perfect Steak 

Meat scientists have devoted their entire careers to discovering how to create the most delicate and tasty beef imaginably. The majority of their conclusions apply exclusively to cattle producers and processors, but a couple of their findings can assist backyard grillmasters with meat selection and grilling process details.

Every seasoned chef is aware of searching for steaks with abundant marbling, the fat deposits between muscle fibres that indicate high-quality meat. Sulaiman Matarneh, a meat scientist at Utah State University who published about muscle biology and meat quality in the 2021 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, asserts, “If the meat has more marbling, it will be more tender, juicy, and flavorful.” In terms of flavour, the differences between steaks are largely a function of fat content: the degree of marbling and the composition of the fatty acid subunits inside the fat molecules. Jerrad Legako, a meat scientist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, describes oleic acid as “the one fatty acid that commonly correlates with a pleasurable eating experience” In comparison, sirloin has less oleic acid and more fatty acid types that can produce less desirable, fishy flavour indications when cooked. This fatty acid distinction plays a significant role in the steak-buying decision of consumers. 

Meat from grain-fed cattle, which spend their last months in a feedlot eating a diet rich in maize and soybeans, contains more oleic acid. Animals that spend their entire lives grazing on pasture have a greater proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids that degrade into smaller molecules with fishy and gamy flavours. Many buyers choose grass-fed beef anyway, either to avoid the ethical problems associated with feedlots or because they like the beef’s gamier flavour and leaner texture.

However, the cooking method has the most impact on the ultimate flavour of the steak. Cooking meat does two things in terms of flavour. First, the grill’s heat breaks down the meat’s fatty acids into smaller, more volatile molecules, which are more prone to escape into the air. These volatiles are responsible for the scent of the steak, which contributes significantly to its flavour. In this breakdown mixture, the molecules aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are what humans sense as beefy. Browning, which chemists refer to as the Maillard reaction, is the second method of flavour development in cooking. This is an extraordinarily complex process in which amino acids and residues of sugars in the meat react at high temperatures to initiate a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of numerous volatile byproducts. The longer and hotter the cooking, the farther into the Maillard reaction you go and the more of these beneficial end products you obtain, up until the point where the meat begins to scorch and produce bitter, burnt flavours. 

According to Chris Kerth, a meat scientist at Texas A&M University, thin steaks require a hot grill to get sufficient browning in the little time available. Kerth and his colleagues have examined this process in the laboratory and  discovered that thin, half-inch steaks cooked at relatively low temperatures have predominantly the meaty flavours indicative of fatty acid breakdown, whereas higher temperatures also yield a significant amount of roasty pyrazines due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, if your steak is thin, crank up the heat and leave the grill lid open so that the meat cooks more slowly. This will allow you to develop a complex beef roast flavour.

When the scientists tried steaks with a thickness of 1.5 inches, the opposite situation occurred: the exterior burned before the interior was fully cooked. For these steaks, a moderate grill temperature produced the optimal volatile flavour profile. And indeed, when Kerth’s team tested their steaks on actual diners, they discovered that thick steaks grilled quickly and at high temperatures received lower scores. The other temperatures and cooking durations were deemed comparable by diners, but thick steaks cooked at moderate temperatures won by a hair.

This may seem unusual given that steakhouses frequently boast of their thick cuts of prime beef and strong grilling temperatures – the precise combination that Kerth’s study revealed to be the least attractive. It works because steakhouses use a two-step cooking process: first, the meat is seared on a hot grill, and then it is finished in a moderate oven. “That manner, they may achieve the desired degree of doneness,” explains Kerth. The same can be achieved by placing seared meat in an oven preheated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit until it reaches the desired doneness.

Kerth has one more piece of advice for home cooks: Be vigilant when grilling meat! “At those temperatures, a great deal occurs in a short amount of time,” he explains. The rate at which chemical reactions occur increases dramatically. This is the scientific basis for what every expert griller has learnt from hard experience: if you’re not paying attention, it’s simple to burn the meat.

What makes grass-fed beef different from grain-fed beef?

The Science Behind Grilling the Perfect Steak 

Meat scientists have devoted their entire careers to discovering how to create the most delicate and tasty beef imaginably. The majority of their conclusions apply exclusively to cattle producers and processors, but a couple of their findings can assist backyard grillmasters with meat selection and grilling process details.

Every seasoned chef is aware of searching for steaks with abundant marbling, the fat deposits between muscle fibres that indicate high-quality meat. Sulaiman Matarneh, a meat scientist at Utah State University who published about muscle biology and meat quality in the 2021 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, asserts, “If the meat has more marbling, it will be more tender, juicy, and flavorful.” In terms of flavour, the differences between steaks are largely a function of fat content: the degree of marbling and the composition of the fatty acid subunits inside the fat molecules. Jerrad Legako, a meat scientist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, describes oleic acid as “the one fatty acid that commonly correlates with a pleasurable eating experience” In comparison, sirloin has less oleic acid and more fatty acid types that can produce less desirable, fishy flavour indications when cooked. This fatty acid distinction plays a significant role in the steak-buying decision of consumers. 

Meat from grain-fed cattle, which spend their last months in a feedlot eating a diet rich in maize and soybeans, contains more oleic acid. Animals that spend their entire lives grazing on pasture have a greater proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids that degrade into smaller molecules with fishy and gamy flavours. Many buyers choose grass-fed beef anyway, either to avoid the ethical problems associated with feedlots or because they like the beef’s gamier flavour and leaner texture.

However, the cooking method has the most impact on the ultimate flavour of the steak. Cooking meat does two things in terms of flavour. First, the grill’s heat breaks down the meat’s fatty acids into smaller, more volatile molecules, which are more prone to escape into the air. These volatiles are responsible for the scent of the steak, which contributes significantly to its flavour. In this breakdown mixture, the molecules aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are what humans sense as beefy. Browning, which chemists refer to as the Maillard reaction, is the second method of flavour development in cooking. This is an extraordinarily complex process in which amino acids and residues of sugars in the meat react at high temperatures to initiate a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of numerous volatile byproducts. The longer and hotter the cooking, the farther into the Maillard reaction you go and the more of these beneficial end products you obtain, up until the point where the meat begins to scorch and produce bitter, burnt flavours. 

According to Chris Kerth, a meat scientist at Texas A&M University, thin steaks require a hot grill to get sufficient browning in the little time available. Kerth and his colleagues have examined this process in the laboratory and  discovered that thin, half-inch steaks cooked at relatively low temperatures have predominantly the meaty flavours indicative of fatty acid breakdown, whereas higher temperatures also yield a significant amount of roasty pyrazines due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, if your steak is thin, crank up the heat and leave the grill lid open so that the meat cooks more slowly. This will allow you to develop a complex beef roast flavour.

When the scientists tried steaks with a thickness of 1.5 inches, the opposite situation occurred: the exterior burned before the interior was fully cooked. For these steaks, a moderate grill temperature produced the optimal volatile flavour profile. And indeed, when Kerth’s team tested their steaks on actual diners, they discovered that thick steaks grilled quickly and at high temperatures received lower scores. The other temperatures and cooking durations were deemed comparable by diners, but thick steaks cooked at moderate temperatures won by a hair.

This may seem unusual given that steakhouses frequently boast of their thick cuts of prime beef and strong grilling temperatures – the precise combination that Kerth’s study revealed to be the least attractive. It works because steakhouses use a two-step cooking process: first, the meat is seared on a hot grill, and then it is finished in a moderate oven. “That manner, they may achieve the desired degree of doneness,” explains Kerth. The same can be achieved by placing seared meat in an oven preheated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit until it reaches the desired doneness.

Kerth has one more piece of advice for home cooks: Be vigilant when grilling meat! “At those temperatures, a great deal occurs in a short amount of time,” he explains. The rate at which chemical reactions occur increases dramatically. This is the scientific basis for what every expert griller has learnt from hard experience: if you’re not paying attention, it’s simple to burn the meat.

Based on the article, why do many consumers prefer beef from animals that spent their lives grazing on pasture?

I. They believe it to be more nutritious and cost less.

II. So they could avoid the ethical concerns linked with feedlots.

III. Because they enjoy the beef’s taste and texture.

IV. It is readily available despite being more expensive.

The Science Behind Grilling the Perfect Steak 

Meat scientists have devoted their entire careers to discovering how to create the most delicate and tasty beef imaginably. The majority of their conclusions apply exclusively to cattle producers and processors, but a couple of their findings can assist backyard grillmasters with meat selection and grilling process details.

Every seasoned chef is aware of searching for steaks with abundant marbling, the fat deposits between muscle fibres that indicate high-quality meat. Sulaiman Matarneh, a meat scientist at Utah State University who published about muscle biology and meat quality in the 2021 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, asserts, “If the meat has more marbling, it will be more tender, juicy, and flavorful.” In terms of flavour, the differences between steaks are largely a function of fat content: the degree of marbling and the composition of the fatty acid subunits inside the fat molecules. Jerrad Legako, a meat scientist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, describes oleic acid as “the one fatty acid that commonly correlates with a pleasurable eating experience” In comparison, sirloin has less oleic acid and more fatty acid types that can produce less desirable, fishy flavour indications when cooked. This fatty acid distinction plays a significant role in the steak-buying decision of consumers. 

Meat from grain-fed cattle, which spend their last months in a feedlot eating a diet rich in maize and soybeans, contains more oleic acid. Animals that spend their entire lives grazing on pasture have a greater proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids that degrade into smaller molecules with fishy and gamy flavours. Many buyers choose grass-fed beef anyway, either to avoid the ethical problems associated with feedlots or because they like the beef’s gamier flavour and leaner texture.

However, the cooking method has the most impact on the ultimate flavour of the steak. Cooking meat does two things in terms of flavour. First, the grill’s heat breaks down the meat’s fatty acids into smaller, more volatile molecules, which are more prone to escape into the air. These volatiles are responsible for the scent of the steak, which contributes significantly to its flavour. In this breakdown mixture, the molecules aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are what humans sense as beefy. Browning, which chemists refer to as the Maillard reaction, is the second method of flavour development in cooking. This is an extraordinarily complex process in which amino acids and residues of sugars in the meat react at high temperatures to initiate a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of numerous volatile byproducts. The longer and hotter the cooking, the farther into the Maillard reaction you go and the more of these beneficial end products you obtain, up until the point where the meat begins to scorch and produce bitter, burnt flavours. 

According to Chris Kerth, a meat scientist at Texas A&M University, thin steaks require a hot grill to get sufficient browning in the little time available. Kerth and his colleagues have examined this process in the laboratory and  discovered that thin, half-inch steaks cooked at relatively low temperatures have predominantly the meaty flavours indicative of fatty acid breakdown, whereas higher temperatures also yield a significant amount of roasty pyrazines due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, if your steak is thin, crank up the heat and leave the grill lid open so that the meat cooks more slowly. This will allow you to develop a complex beef roast flavour.

When the scientists tried steaks with a thickness of 1.5 inches, the opposite situation occurred: the exterior burned before the interior was fully cooked. For these steaks, a moderate grill temperature produced the optimal volatile flavour profile. And indeed, when Kerth’s team tested their steaks on actual diners, they discovered that thick steaks grilled quickly and at high temperatures received lower scores. The other temperatures and cooking durations were deemed comparable by diners, but thick steaks cooked at moderate temperatures won by a hair.

This may seem unusual given that steakhouses frequently boast of their thick cuts of prime beef and strong grilling temperatures – the precise combination that Kerth’s study revealed to be the least attractive. It works because steakhouses use a two-step cooking process: first, the meat is seared on a hot grill, and then it is finished in a moderate oven. “That manner, they may achieve the desired degree of doneness,” explains Kerth. The same can be achieved by placing seared meat in an oven preheated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit until it reaches the desired doneness.

Kerth has one more piece of advice for home cooks: Be vigilant when grilling meat! “At those temperatures, a great deal occurs in a short amount of time,” he explains. The rate at which chemical reactions occur increases dramatically. This is the scientific basis for what every expert griller has learnt from hard experience: if you’re not paying attention, it’s simple to burn the meat.

What is the significance of the Maillard reaction in the article?

The Science Behind Grilling the Perfect Steak 

Meat scientists have devoted their entire careers to discovering how to create the most delicate and tasty beef imaginably. The majority of their conclusions apply exclusively to cattle producers and processors, but a couple of their findings can assist backyard grillmasters with meat selection and grilling process details.

Every seasoned chef is aware of searching for steaks with abundant marbling, the fat deposits between muscle fibres that indicate high-quality meat. Sulaiman Matarneh, a meat scientist at Utah State University who published about muscle biology and meat quality in the 2021 Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, asserts, “If the meat has more marbling, it will be more tender, juicy, and flavorful.” In terms of flavour, the differences between steaks are largely a function of fat content: the degree of marbling and the composition of the fatty acid subunits inside the fat molecules. Jerrad Legako, a meat scientist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, describes oleic acid as “the one fatty acid that commonly correlates with a pleasurable eating experience” In comparison, sirloin has less oleic acid and more fatty acid types that can produce less desirable, fishy flavour indications when cooked. This fatty acid distinction plays a significant role in the steak-buying decision of consumers. 

Meat from grain-fed cattle, which spend their last months in a feedlot eating a diet rich in maize and soybeans, contains more oleic acid. Animals that spend their entire lives grazing on pasture have a greater proportion of omega-3 fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated fatty acids that degrade into smaller molecules with fishy and gamy flavours. Many buyers choose grass-fed beef anyway, either to avoid the ethical problems associated with feedlots or because they like the beef’s gamier flavour and leaner texture.

However, the cooking method has the most impact on the ultimate flavour of the steak. Cooking meat does two things in terms of flavour. First, the grill’s heat breaks down the meat’s fatty acids into smaller, more volatile molecules, which are more prone to escape into the air. These volatiles are responsible for the scent of the steak, which contributes significantly to its flavour. In this breakdown mixture, the molecules aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are what humans sense as beefy. Browning, which chemists refer to as the Maillard reaction, is the second method of flavour development in cooking. This is an extraordinarily complex process in which amino acids and residues of sugars in the meat react at high temperatures to initiate a cascade of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of numerous volatile byproducts. The longer and hotter the cooking, the farther into the Maillard reaction you go and the more of these beneficial end products you obtain, up until the point where the meat begins to scorch and produce bitter, burnt flavours. 

According to Chris Kerth, a meat scientist at Texas A&M University, thin steaks require a hot grill to get sufficient browning in the little time available. Kerth and his colleagues have examined this process in the laboratory and  discovered that thin, half-inch steaks cooked at relatively low temperatures have predominantly the meaty flavours indicative of fatty acid breakdown, whereas higher temperatures also yield a significant amount of roasty pyrazines due to the Maillard reaction. Therefore, if your steak is thin, crank up the heat and leave the grill lid open so that the meat cooks more slowly. This will allow you to develop a complex beef roast flavour.

When the scientists tried steaks with a thickness of 1.5 inches, the opposite situation occurred: the exterior burned before the interior was fully cooked. For these steaks, a moderate grill temperature produced the optimal volatile flavour profile. And indeed, when Kerth’s team tested their steaks on actual diners, they discovered that thick steaks grilled quickly and at high temperatures received lower scores. The other temperatures and cooking durations were deemed comparable by diners, but thick steaks cooked at moderate temperatures won by a hair.

This may seem unusual given that steakhouses frequently boast of their thick cuts of prime beef and strong grilling temperatures – the precise combination that Kerth’s study revealed to be the least attractive. It works because steakhouses use a two-step cooking process: first, the meat is seared on a hot grill, and then it is finished in a moderate oven. “That manner, they may achieve the desired degree of doneness,” explains Kerth. The same can be achieved by placing seared meat in an oven preheated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit until it reaches the desired doneness.

Kerth has one more piece of advice for home cooks: Be vigilant when grilling meat! “At those temperatures, a great deal occurs in a short amount of time,” he explains. The rate at which chemical reactions occur increases dramatically. This is the scientific basis for what every expert griller has learnt from hard experience: if you’re not paying attention, it’s simple to burn the meat.

What is the scientific foundation for the importance of caution when grilling meat?