Week 5 Y6 English Trial Test

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is an eternally intriguing and intricate discipline that tries to comprehend the origins
and evolution of life on Earth. The subfield is based on the theory of evolution, which asserts that all
organisms are connected and change gradually through generations.
The study of evolution encompasses the history of life on Earth as well as the intricate mechanisms that
drive evolutionary change. Natural selection, which suggests that beneficial genetic features are more
likely to be passed on to future generations, is central to the study of evolution. When populations
evolve, genetic differences influence the phenotypes (physical traits) of animals, with some alterations
being advantageous for survival and reproduction and others being detrimental.
The peppered moth is one of the most recognised instances of evolution in action. These moths were
predominantly light-coloured in the early 19th century, which allowed them to blend in with the bark of
the trees they dwelt on. Unfortunately, pollution caused the bark of the trees to darken during the
Industrial Revolution, making the light-coloured moths more noticeable to predators. During the course
of multiple generations, the proportion of dark-coloured moths grew because they were more disguised
and so more likely to survive and reproduce.
The origin of flightless birds on remote islands is another exciting topic of study in evolutionary biology.
Over time, birds that migrated to these islands lost their capacity to fly because they no longer needed
to avoid predators and instead devoted their energy to other tasks, such as food foraging. This led to
the evolution of distinctive forms and functions, such as the Galapagos finches’ long necks and beaks.
In the 1930s, a merger of genetics, ecology, systematics, and palaeontology into a cohesive framework
for understanding the principles of evolution gave rise to evolutionary biology as a unique field of study.
Since then, the field has continued to grow and expand, with new research fields focused on the
genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the various evolutionary forces, such as
sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography.
The rise of evolutionary developmental biology (or “evo-devo”), which tries to explain how genetic and
environmental factors that impact embryonic development have contributed to the evolution of varied
life forms, has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in recent years. Evo-devo promises to
offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of life on Earth by merging developmental biology with the
larger framework of evolutionary theory.

Extract B: Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God created the universe and all life forms out of nothing. Although the
concept of God as creator is as old as religion, modern creationism is essentially a reaction against
evolutionary theory, which can explain the diversity of life without reference to the theology of God or
any other divine power. It may also deny the big bang account of the universe’s origin. In general,
mainstream scientists oppose creationism.
Biblical or young-Earth creationists believe that the Genesis account of God’s six-day creation of all
things is literally accurate and that the Earth is just a few thousand years old, as extrapolated from the
biblical genealogies beginning with Adam. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator
created everything, but they may not believe that Genesis is a literal account of this creation. These
creationists frequently accept fossils and other geological evidence for the age of the Earth as factual
and may or may not believe that God created the cosmos via the big bang. However, both types of
creationists believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (commonly
referred to as the “kind”) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but that none of these
changes can result in the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more complex species.
All creationists, therefore, contest the hypothesis of biological evolution.
Creationism became of interest to conservative religious organisations following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) On the Origin of Species, the first systematic statement of evolutionary
theory. After two decades, the majority of the scientific world and churches had accepted some form of
evolution. Early in the 20th century, some state governments in the United States prohibited the
teaching of evolution on the grounds that it contradicted the biblical creation myth, which they viewed
as a given fact.
In 1950, Pontiff Pius XII issued an encyclical confirming that there is no inherent conflict between the
theory of evolution and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, so long as Catholics continue to
believe that God created human souls. In 1996, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s
position on evolution, stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.”
Several creationists favoured intelligent design beginning in the late 20th century. This position, which
claimed to be based on modern science, was a modern version of William Paley’s argument from
design for God’s existence (1743–1805). Intelligent design is not recognised by all creationists,
however, because many intelligent design advocates do not equate the “intelligent designer” of the
cosmos with the God of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Nowadays, the majority of
creationists in the United States advocate for the deletion of evolution from the public school curriculum
or, at the very least, the co-teaching of creationism and evolution as equally valid scientific theories.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

1 Which statement is true about the two extracts?
A. The theory of evolution and creationism both agree that all organisms are disconnected and remain unchanged over time.
B. Both evolutionary biology and creationism agree that changes in organisms can only involve upward changes
C. Creationism posits a divine creator as the source of life and diversity, while evolutionary theory proposes natural selection and other scientific processes as the explanation.
D. The idea of evolution emerged as a response to the creationism movement in the early 19th century.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is an eternally intriguing and intricate discipline that tries to comprehend the origins
and evolution of life on Earth. The subfield is based on the theory of evolution, which asserts that all
organisms are connected and change gradually through generations.
The study of evolution encompasses the history of life on Earth as well as the intricate mechanisms that
drive evolutionary change. Natural selection, which suggests that beneficial genetic features are more
likely to be passed on to future generations, is central to the study of evolution. When populations
evolve, genetic differences influence the phenotypes (physical traits) of animals, with some alterations
being advantageous for survival and reproduction and others being detrimental.
The peppered moth is one of the most recognised instances of evolution in action. These moths were
predominantly light-coloured in the early 19th century, which allowed them to blend in with the bark of
the trees they dwelt on. Unfortunately, pollution caused the bark of the trees to darken during the
Industrial Revolution, making the light-coloured moths more noticeable to predators. During the course
of multiple generations, the proportion of dark-coloured moths grew because they were more disguised
and so more likely to survive and reproduce.
The origin of flightless birds on remote islands is another exciting topic of study in evolutionary biology.
Over time, birds that migrated to these islands lost their capacity to fly because they no longer needed
to avoid predators and instead devoted their energy to other tasks, such as food foraging. This led to
the evolution of distinctive forms and functions, such as the Galapagos finches’ long necks and beaks.
In the 1930s, a merger of genetics, ecology, systematics, and palaeontology into a cohesive framework
for understanding the principles of evolution gave rise to evolutionary biology as a unique field of study.
Since then, the field has continued to grow and expand, with new research fields focused on the
genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the various evolutionary forces, such as
sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography.
The rise of evolutionary developmental biology (or “evo-devo”), which tries to explain how genetic and
environmental factors that impact embryonic development have contributed to the evolution of varied
life forms, has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in recent years. Evo-devo promises to
offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of life on Earth by merging developmental biology with the
larger framework of evolutionary theory.

Extract B: Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God created the universe and all life forms out of nothing. Although the
concept of God as creator is as old as religion, modern creationism is essentially a reaction against
evolutionary theory, which can explain the diversity of life without reference to the theology of God or
any other divine power. It may also deny the big bang account of the universe’s origin. In general,
mainstream scientists oppose creationism.
Biblical or young-Earth creationists believe that the Genesis account of God’s six-day creation of all
things is literally accurate and that the Earth is just a few thousand years old, as extrapolated from the
biblical genealogies beginning with Adam. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator
created everything, but they may not believe that Genesis is a literal account of this creation. These
creationists frequently accept fossils and other geological evidence for the age of the Earth as factual
and may or may not believe that God created the cosmos via the big bang. However, both types of
creationists believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (commonly
referred to as the “kind”) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but that none of these
changes can result in the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more complex species.
All creationists, therefore, contest the hypothesis of biological evolution.
Creationism became of interest to conservative religious organisations following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) On the Origin of Species, the first systematic statement of evolutionary
theory. After two decades, the majority of the scientific world and churches had accepted some form of
evolution. Early in the 20th century, some state governments in the United States prohibited the
teaching of evolution on the grounds that it contradicted the biblical creation myth, which they viewed
as a given fact.
In 1950, Pontiff Pius XII issued an encyclical confirming that there is no inherent conflict between the
theory of evolution and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, so long as Catholics continue to
believe that God created human souls. In 1996, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s
position on evolution, stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.”
Several creationists favoured intelligent design beginning in the late 20th century. This position, which
claimed to be based on modern science, was a modern version of William Paley’s argument from
design for God’s existence (1743–1805). Intelligent design is not recognised by all creationists,
however, because many intelligent design advocates do not equate the “intelligent designer” of the
cosmos with the God of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Nowadays, the majority of
creationists in the United States advocate for the deletion of evolution from the public school curriculum
or, at the very least, the co-teaching of creationism and evolution as equally valid scientific theories.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

2 WhIch is NOT a theme of both extracts?
A. Love
B. Origin
C. Life
D. Creation

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is an eternally intriguing and intricate discipline that tries to comprehend the origins
and evolution of life on Earth. The subfield is based on the theory of evolution, which asserts that all
organisms are connected and change gradually through generations.
The study of evolution encompasses the history of life on Earth as well as the intricate mechanisms that
drive evolutionary change. Natural selection, which suggests that beneficial genetic features are more
likely to be passed on to future generations, is central to the study of evolution. When populations
evolve, genetic differences influence the phenotypes (physical traits) of animals, with some alterations
being advantageous for survival and reproduction and others being detrimental.
The peppered moth is one of the most recognised instances of evolution in action. These moths were
predominantly light-coloured in the early 19th century, which allowed them to blend in with the bark of
the trees they dwelt on. Unfortunately, pollution caused the bark of the trees to darken during the
Industrial Revolution, making the light-coloured moths more noticeable to predators. During the course
of multiple generations, the proportion of dark-coloured moths grew because they were more disguised
and so more likely to survive and reproduce.
The origin of flightless birds on remote islands is another exciting topic of study in evolutionary biology.
Over time, birds that migrated to these islands lost their capacity to fly because they no longer needed
to avoid predators and instead devoted their energy to other tasks, such as food foraging. This led to
the evolution of distinctive forms and functions, such as the Galapagos finches’ long necks and beaks.
In the 1930s, a merger of genetics, ecology, systematics, and palaeontology into a cohesive framework
for understanding the principles of evolution gave rise to evolutionary biology as a unique field of study.
Since then, the field has continued to grow and expand, with new research fields focused on the
genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the various evolutionary forces, such as
sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography.
The rise of evolutionary developmental biology (or “evo-devo”), which tries to explain how genetic and
environmental factors that impact embryonic development have contributed to the evolution of varied
life forms, has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in recent years. Evo-devo promises to
offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of life on Earth by merging developmental biology with the
larger framework of evolutionary theory.

Extract B: Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God created the universe and all life forms out of nothing. Although the
concept of God as creator is as old as religion, modern creationism is essentially a reaction against
evolutionary theory, which can explain the diversity of life without reference to the theology of God or
any other divine power. It may also deny the big bang account of the universe’s origin. In general,
mainstream scientists oppose creationism.
Biblical or young-Earth creationists believe that the Genesis account of God’s six-day creation of all
things is literally accurate and that the Earth is just a few thousand years old, as extrapolated from the
biblical genealogies beginning with Adam. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator
created everything, but they may not believe that Genesis is a literal account of this creation. These
creationists frequently accept fossils and other geological evidence for the age of the Earth as factual
and may or may not believe that God created the cosmos via the big bang. However, both types of
creationists believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (commonly
referred to as the “kind”) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but that none of these
changes can result in the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more complex species.
All creationists, therefore, contest the hypothesis of biological evolution.
Creationism became of interest to conservative religious organisations following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) On the Origin of Species, the first systematic statement of evolutionary
theory. After two decades, the majority of the scientific world and churches had accepted some form of
evolution. Early in the 20th century, some state governments in the United States prohibited the
teaching of evolution on the grounds that it contradicted the biblical creation myth, which they viewed
as a given fact.
In 1950, Pontiff Pius XII issued an encyclical confirming that there is no inherent conflict between the
theory of evolution and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, so long as Catholics continue to
believe that God created human souls. In 1996, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s
position on evolution, stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.”
Several creationists favoured intelligent design beginning in the late 20th century. This position, which
claimed to be based on modern science, was a modern version of William Paley’s argument from
design for God’s existence (1743–1805). Intelligent design is not recognised by all creationists,
however, because many intelligent design advocates do not equate the “intelligent designer” of the
cosmos with the God of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Nowadays, the majority of
creationists in the United States advocate for the deletion of evolution from the public school curriculum
or, at the very least, the co-teaching of creationism and evolution as equally valid scientific theories.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

3 How are the two extracts similar?
A. Both discuss the history of the origin of religious beliefs.
B. Both discuss the history of the scientific method.
C. Both discuss different perspectives on the origins of life.
D. Both discuss different perspectives on politics.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is an eternally intriguing and intricate discipline that tries to comprehend the origins
and evolution of life on Earth. The subfield is based on the theory of evolution, which asserts that all
organisms are connected and change gradually through generations.
The study of evolution encompasses the history of life on Earth as well as the intricate mechanisms that
drive evolutionary change. Natural selection, which suggests that beneficial genetic features are more
likely to be passed on to future generations, is central to the study of evolution. When populations
evolve, genetic differences influence the phenotypes (physical traits) of animals, with some alterations
being advantageous for survival and reproduction and others being detrimental.
The peppered moth is one of the most recognised instances of evolution in action. These moths were
predominantly light-coloured in the early 19th century, which allowed them to blend in with the bark of
the trees they dwelt on. Unfortunately, pollution caused the bark of the trees to darken during the
Industrial Revolution, making the light-coloured moths more noticeable to predators. During the course
of multiple generations, the proportion of dark-coloured moths grew because they were more disguised
and so more likely to survive and reproduce.
The origin of flightless birds on remote islands is another exciting topic of study in evolutionary biology.
Over time, birds that migrated to these islands lost their capacity to fly because they no longer needed
to avoid predators and instead devoted their energy to other tasks, such as food foraging. This led to
the evolution of distinctive forms and functions, such as the Galapagos finches’ long necks and beaks.
In the 1930s, a merger of genetics, ecology, systematics, and palaeontology into a cohesive framework
for understanding the principles of evolution gave rise to evolutionary biology as a unique field of study.
Since then, the field has continued to grow and expand, with new research fields focused on the
genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the various evolutionary forces, such as
sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography.
The rise of evolutionary developmental biology (or “evo-devo”), which tries to explain how genetic and
environmental factors that impact embryonic development have contributed to the evolution of varied
life forms, has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in recent years. Evo-devo promises to
offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of life on Earth by merging developmental biology with the
larger framework of evolutionary theory.

Extract B: Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God created the universe and all life forms out of nothing. Although the
concept of God as creator is as old as religion, modern creationism is essentially a reaction against
evolutionary theory, which can explain the diversity of life without reference to the theology of God or
any other divine power. It may also deny the big bang account of the universe’s origin. In general,
mainstream scientists oppose creationism.
Biblical or young-Earth creationists believe that the Genesis account of God’s six-day creation of all
things is literally accurate and that the Earth is just a few thousand years old, as extrapolated from the
biblical genealogies beginning with Adam. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator
created everything, but they may not believe that Genesis is a literal account of this creation. These
creationists frequently accept fossils and other geological evidence for the age of the Earth as factual
and may or may not believe that God created the cosmos via the big bang. However, both types of
creationists believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (commonly
referred to as the “kind”) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but that none of these
changes can result in the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more complex species.
All creationists, therefore, contest the hypothesis of biological evolution.
Creationism became of interest to conservative religious organisations following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) On the Origin of Species, the first systematic statement of evolutionary
theory. After two decades, the majority of the scientific world and churches had accepted some form of
evolution. Early in the 20th century, some state governments in the United States prohibited the
teaching of evolution on the grounds that it contradicted the biblical creation myth, which they viewed
as a given fact.
In 1950, Pontiff Pius XII issued an encyclical confirming that there is no inherent conflict between the
theory of evolution and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, so long as Catholics continue to
believe that God created human souls. In 1996, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s
position on evolution, stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.”
Several creationists favoured intelligent design beginning in the late 20th century. This position, which
claimed to be based on modern science, was a modern version of William Paley’s argument from
design for God’s existence (1743–1805). Intelligent design is not recognised by all creationists,
however, because many intelligent design advocates do not equate the “intelligent designer” of the
cosmos with the God of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Nowadays, the majority of
creationists in the United States advocate for the deletion of evolution from the public school curriculum
or, at the very least, the co-teaching of creationism and evolution as equally valid scientific theories.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

4 What is the distinct difference between Creationism and Evolutionary Biology?
A. The distinct difference between Creationism and Evolutionary Biology is their level of interest inastrology.
B. The distinct difference between Creationism and Evolutionary Biology is their opinion on theinvolvement of the government.
C. The distinct difference between Creationism and Evolutionary Biology is their preferred mode ofdiscussing matters.
D. The distinct difference between Creationism and Evolutionary Biology is their fundamental viewof how life and the universe originated.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is an eternally intriguing and intricate discipline that tries to comprehend the origins
and evolution of life on Earth. The subfield is based on the theory of evolution, which asserts that all
organisms are connected and change gradually through generations.
The study of evolution encompasses the history of life on Earth as well as the intricate mechanisms that
drive evolutionary change. Natural selection, which suggests that beneficial genetic features are more
likely to be passed on to future generations, is central to the study of evolution. When populations
evolve, genetic differences influence the phenotypes (physical traits) of animals, with some alterations
being advantageous for survival and reproduction and others being detrimental.
The peppered moth is one of the most recognised instances of evolution in action. These moths were
predominantly light-coloured in the early 19th century, which allowed them to blend in with the bark of
the trees they dwelt on. Unfortunately, pollution caused the bark of the trees to darken during the
Industrial Revolution, making the light-coloured moths more noticeable to predators. During the course
of multiple generations, the proportion of dark-coloured moths grew because they were more disguised
and so more likely to survive and reproduce.
The origin of flightless birds on remote islands is another exciting topic of study in evolutionary biology.
Over time, birds that migrated to these islands lost their capacity to fly because they no longer needed
to avoid predators and instead devoted their energy to other tasks, such as food foraging. This led to
the evolution of distinctive forms and functions, such as the Galapagos finches’ long necks and beaks.
In the 1930s, a merger of genetics, ecology, systematics, and palaeontology into a cohesive framework
for understanding the principles of evolution gave rise to evolutionary biology as a unique field of study.
Since then, the field has continued to grow and expand, with new research fields focused on the
genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the various evolutionary forces, such as
sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography.
The rise of evolutionary developmental biology (or “evo-devo”), which tries to explain how genetic and
environmental factors that impact embryonic development have contributed to the evolution of varied
life forms, has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in recent years. Evo-devo promises to
offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of life on Earth by merging developmental biology with the
larger framework of evolutionary theory.

Extract B: Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God created the universe and all life forms out of nothing. Although the
concept of God as creator is as old as religion, modern creationism is essentially a reaction against
evolutionary theory, which can explain the diversity of life without reference to the theology of God or
any other divine power. It may also deny the big bang account of the universe’s origin. In general,
mainstream scientists oppose creationism.
Biblical or young-Earth creationists believe that the Genesis account of God’s six-day creation of all
things is literally accurate and that the Earth is just a few thousand years old, as extrapolated from the
biblical genealogies beginning with Adam. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator
created everything, but they may not believe that Genesis is a literal account of this creation. These
creationists frequently accept fossils and other geological evidence for the age of the Earth as factual
and may or may not believe that God created the cosmos via the big bang. However, both types of
creationists believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (commonly
referred to as the “kind”) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but that none of these
changes can result in the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more complex species.
All creationists, therefore, contest the hypothesis of biological evolution.
Creationism became of interest to conservative religious organisations following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) On the Origin of Species, the first systematic statement of evolutionary
theory. After two decades, the majority of the scientific world and churches had accepted some form of
evolution. Early in the 20th century, some state governments in the United States prohibited the
teaching of evolution on the grounds that it contradicted the biblical creation myth, which they viewed
as a given fact.
In 1950, Pontiff Pius XII issued an encyclical confirming that there is no inherent conflict between the
theory of evolution and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, so long as Catholics continue to
believe that God created human souls. In 1996, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s
position on evolution, stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.”
Several creationists favoured intelligent design beginning in the late 20th century. This position, which
claimed to be based on modern science, was a modern version of William Paley’s argument from
design for God’s existence (1743–1805). Intelligent design is not recognised by all creationists,
however, because many intelligent design advocates do not equate the “intelligent designer” of the
cosmos with the God of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Nowadays, the majority of
creationists in the United States advocate for the deletion of evolution from the public school curriculum
or, at the very least, the co-teaching of creationism and evolution as equally valid scientific theories.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

5 In extract A, Evo-devo promises to offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of lifeon Earth by merging developmental biology with the larger framework of evolutionarytheory. What does this say about evolutionary developmental biology?
A. Evo-devo is an outdated field of study that has been largely abandoned by the scientificcommunity and offers little to no insights into the origins of life on Earth.
B. Evo-devo provides a promising framework for investigating the evolutionary processes that haveshaped the development of organisms and the emergence of various traits and morphologies.
C. Evo-devo is a controversial theory that contradicts the basic principles of evolutionary theoryand developmental biology, with no significant evidence to support its claims.
D. Evo-devo is a philosophical and pseudoscientific approach to studying the origins of life thatlacks any real scientific basis or credibility.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: Evolutionary Biology
Evolutionary biology is an eternally intriguing and intricate discipline that tries to comprehend the origins
and evolution of life on Earth. The subfield is based on the theory of evolution, which asserts that all
organisms are connected and change gradually through generations.
The study of evolution encompasses the history of life on Earth as well as the intricate mechanisms that
drive evolutionary change. Natural selection, which suggests that beneficial genetic features are more
likely to be passed on to future generations, is central to the study of evolution. When populations
evolve, genetic differences influence the phenotypes (physical traits) of animals, with some alterations
being advantageous for survival and reproduction and others being detrimental.
The peppered moth is one of the most recognised instances of evolution in action. These moths were
predominantly light-coloured in the early 19th century, which allowed them to blend in with the bark of
the trees they dwelt on. Unfortunately, pollution caused the bark of the trees to darken during the
Industrial Revolution, making the light-coloured moths more noticeable to predators. During the course
of multiple generations, the proportion of dark-coloured moths grew because they were more disguised
and so more likely to survive and reproduce.
The origin of flightless birds on remote islands is another exciting topic of study in evolutionary biology.
Over time, birds that migrated to these islands lost their capacity to fly because they no longer needed
to avoid predators and instead devoted their energy to other tasks, such as food foraging. This led to
the evolution of distinctive forms and functions, such as the Galapagos finches’ long necks and beaks.
In the 1930s, a merger of genetics, ecology, systematics, and palaeontology into a cohesive framework
for understanding the principles of evolution gave rise to evolutionary biology as a unique field of study.
Since then, the field has continued to grow and expand, with new research fields focused on the
genetic architecture of adaptation, molecular evolution, and the various evolutionary forces, such as
sexual selection, genetic drift, and biogeography.
The rise of evolutionary developmental biology (or “evo-devo”), which tries to explain how genetic and
environmental factors that impact embryonic development have contributed to the evolution of varied
life forms, has been one of the most fascinating breakthroughs in recent years. Evo-devo promises to
offer fresh insight into the origins and variety of life on Earth by merging developmental biology with the
larger framework of evolutionary theory.

Extract B: Creationism
Creationism is the belief that God created the universe and all life forms out of nothing. Although the
concept of God as creator is as old as religion, modern creationism is essentially a reaction against
evolutionary theory, which can explain the diversity of life without reference to the theology of God or
any other divine power. It may also deny the big bang account of the universe’s origin. In general,
mainstream scientists oppose creationism.
Biblical or young-Earth creationists believe that the Genesis account of God’s six-day creation of all
things is literally accurate and that the Earth is just a few thousand years old, as extrapolated from the
biblical genealogies beginning with Adam. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator
created everything, but they may not believe that Genesis is a literal account of this creation. These
creationists frequently accept fossils and other geological evidence for the age of the Earth as factual
and may or may not believe that God created the cosmos via the big bang. However, both types of
creationists believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (commonly
referred to as the “kind”) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but that none of these
changes can result in the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more complex species.
All creationists, therefore, contest the hypothesis of biological evolution.
Creationism became of interest to conservative religious organisations following the 1859 publication of
Charles Darwin’s (1809–82) On the Origin of Species, the first systematic statement of evolutionary
theory. After two decades, the majority of the scientific world and churches had accepted some form of
evolution. Early in the 20th century, some state governments in the United States prohibited the
teaching of evolution on the grounds that it contradicted the biblical creation myth, which they viewed
as a given fact.
In 1950, Pontiff Pius XII issued an encyclical confirming that there is no inherent conflict between the
theory of evolution and the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, so long as Catholics continue to
believe that God created human souls. In 1996, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s
position on evolution, stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.”
Several creationists favoured intelligent design beginning in the late 20th century. This position, which
claimed to be based on modern science, was a modern version of William Paley’s argument from
design for God’s existence (1743–1805). Intelligent design is not recognised by all creationists,
however, because many intelligent design advocates do not equate the “intelligent designer” of the
cosmos with the God of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Nowadays, the majority of
creationists in the United States advocate for the deletion of evolution from the public school curriculum
or, at the very least, the co-teaching of creationism and evolution as equally valid scientific theories.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

6 In extract B, Pope John Paul II clarified and reaffirmed the church’s position on evolution,stating that it is “more than a hypothesis.” What does this say about the latter’s decisionto affirm this?
A. It highlights the Church’s belief that evolution is only a hypothesis and incompatible with religion.
B. It shows that the Church is promoting the exclusion of science in the pursuit of knowledge.
C. It demonstrates the Church’s willingness to adapt to scientific concepts and acknowledges thecompatibility between science and religion.
D. It demonstrates the Church’s reluctance to accept scientific evidence and support forcreationism.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Hanging Fire by Audre Lorde

I am fourteen
and my skin has betrayed me
how come my knees are
always so ashy
what if I pass 5
before morning
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.
I have to learn how to dance
in time for the next party 10
my room is too small for me
suppose I leave before graduation
they will sing sad melodies
but finally
tell the truth about me 15
There is nothing I want to do
and too much
that has to be done
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed. 20
Nobody even stops to think
about my side of it
I should have been on Math Team
my marks were better than his
why do I have to be 25
the one
wearing braces
I have nothing to wear tomorrow
will I live long enough
to grow up 30
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

7 What is the significance of the speaker’s age as expressed in the first line of the poem?
A. The speaker is likely past middle age and reflecting back on their life experiences.
B. It emphasises the struggles of adulthood and the difficulties of finding one’s place in the world.
C. It suggests that the speaker is already a mature and self-assured individual, able to handle life’s challenges with ease.
D. It suggests that the speaker is in the midst of adolescence and all the challenges and pressures that come with this stage of life.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Hanging Fire by Audre Lorde

I am fourteen
and my skin has betrayed me
how come my knees are
always so ashy
what if I pass 5
before morning
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.
I have to learn how to dance
in time for the next party 10
my room is too small for me
suppose I leave before graduation
they will sing sad melodies
but finally
tell the truth about me 15
There is nothing I want to do
and too much
that has to be done
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed. 20
Nobody even stops to think
about my side of it
I should have been on Math Team
my marks were better than his
why do I have to be 25
the one
wearing braces
I have nothing to wear tomorrow
will I live long enough
to grow up 30
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

8 The second line used the verb “betrayed.” What type of verb is this?
A. Helping verb
B. Transitive verb
C. Intransitive verb
D. Linking verb

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Hanging Fire by Audre Lorde

I am fourteen
and my skin has betrayed me
how come my knees are
always so ashy
what if I pass 5
before morning
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.
I have to learn how to dance
in time for the next party 10
my room is too small for me
suppose I leave before graduation
they will sing sad melodies
but finally
tell the truth about me 15
There is nothing I want to do
and too much
that has to be done
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed. 20
Nobody even stops to think
about my side of it
I should have been on Math Team
my marks were better than his
why do I have to be 25
the one
wearing braces
I have nothing to wear tomorrow
will I live long enough
to grow up 30
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

9 The second stanza is filled with more worries of the speaker. Why has these becomemore difficult for her to deal with?
A. Because the speaker has no one to talk to about it.
B. Because the speaker lacks the financial resources to address her problems.
C. Because the speaker is struggling with a chronic illness that exacerbates her anxieties.
D. Because the speaker’s close friends are too busy to listen to her problems and offer support.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Hanging Fire by Audre Lorde

I am fourteen
and my skin has betrayed me
how come my knees are
always so ashy
what if I pass 5
before morning
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.
I have to learn how to dance
in time for the next party 10
my room is too small for me
suppose I leave before graduation
they will sing sad melodies
but finally
tell the truth about me 15
There is nothing I want to do
and too much
that has to be done
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed. 20
Nobody even stops to think
about my side of it
I should have been on Math Team
my marks were better than his
why do I have to be 25
the one
wearing braces
I have nothing to wear tomorrow
will I live long enough
to grow up 30
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

10 In the final stanza, the speaker begins by saying that no one ever “stops to think aboutmy side of it”. These lines carry a lot of weight. How do you interpret the conduct of thespeaker based on these?
A. The speaker has been isolated by her peers due to her braces and bad skin.
B. The speaker is shy and introverted, and as a result, people overlook her.
C. The speaker feels that the world sees through or past her.
D. The speaker is intentionally avoiding attention and prefers to be left alone.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Hanging Fire by Audre Lorde

I am fourteen
and my skin has betrayed me
how come my knees are
always so ashy
what if I pass 5
before morning
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.
I have to learn how to dance
in time for the next party 10
my room is too small for me
suppose I leave before graduation
they will sing sad melodies
but finally
tell the truth about me 15
There is nothing I want to do
and too much
that has to be done
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed. 20
Nobody even stops to think
about my side of it
I should have been on Math Team
my marks were better than his
why do I have to be 25
the one
wearing braces
I have nothing to wear tomorrow
will I live long enough
to grow up 30
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

11 The poem concludes with the speaker not knowing if she is going to live long enough to “grow up” and leave all these things (braces, ashy knees) behind her. What does she mean by this?
A. The speaker is afraid of missing out on important life milestones due to her physical appearance.
B. The speaker is uncertain about her own mortality and is worried about dying before she can fully experience life.
C. The speaker is afraid of losing her youth and vitality and becoming an adult with adult responsibilities.
D. The speaker is worried about not being able to leave her current circumstances and move on to bigger and better things.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Hanging Fire by Audre Lorde

I am fourteen
and my skin has betrayed me
how come my knees are
always so ashy
what if I pass 5
before morning
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.
I have to learn how to dance
in time for the next party 10
my room is too small for me
suppose I leave before graduation
they will sing sad melodies
but finally
tell the truth about me 15
There is nothing I want to do
and too much
that has to be done
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed. 20
Nobody even stops to think
about my side of it
I should have been on Math Team
my marks were better than his
why do I have to be 25
the one
wearing braces
I have nothing to wear tomorrow
will I live long enough
to grow up 30
and momma’s in the bedroom
with the door closed.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

12 What is the significance of the repetition of the line “and momma’s in the bedroom with the door closed” at the end of each stanza?
A. The speaker is resentful of her mother and feels abandoned.
B. The speaker’s mother is overprotective and prevents the speaker from growing up.
C. The speaker is hopeful that her mother will be able to offer guidance and support if she could only communicate with her.
D. The speaker’s mother is preoccupied with her own life and is emotionally distant from the speaker.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

All About Fad Diets
Since the beginning of dieting in the 19th century, the United States appears to experience
nutritional whiplash around every decade. In “Our National Eating Disorder,” published in the New York
Times Magazine in 2004, Michael Pollan stated, “It is remarkable how little it takes to trigger one of
these applecart-toppling nutritional swings in America. Overnight, a scientific study, a new government
directive, or a lone quack with a medical degree can alter the national diet.” In the 1830s, Sylvester
Graham, a Presbyterian preacher who was adamant about the dangers of consuming processed flours,
produced flour made from the complete wheat germ, not just the endosperm. 13…………………………
In the decades and centuries that followed, various food and exercise regimens, pills, potions,
and pastes were advertised as the secret to beauty, fitness, and slimness. Many diet adherents have
literally rolled on the floor, taken baths with thinning salts, subsisted on nothing but bananas and skim
milk, and voluntarily suffered yoghurt enemas. William Banting, an English undertaker, embarked on a
low-carb diet to lose weight in 1863 and wrote about it in his pamphlet “Letter on Corpulence.”
14………………………… “No, thank you, I’m Banting,” was the response to “Would you like a slice of
cake?”
In the early 20th century, the “reduction salon” was introduced. 15………………………… In the
1920s, at his “legendarily nutty” Battle Creek, Michigan, sanitarium, John Harvey Kellogg advised an
all-grape diet and “a two-fronted assault on his patients’ alimentary canals, introducing gobs of
Bulgarian yoghurt at both ends.” The subsequent decades witnessed the rise of the grapefruit diet
(1930s), which promised weight loss if a grapefruit was consumed at each meal, the cabbage soup diet
(1950s), which permitted the consumption of as much cabbage soup as desired, and the macrobiotic
diet (1960s), which was based on the Japanese diet of soy, brown rice, and vegetables. The
introduction of Weight Watchers in 1963 urged Americans to abandon “dieting” in favour of “eating
control,” but fad diets did not disappear. By the end of the decade, the 3-Way Diet Program boasted
that it would “Literally melting the fat off your body like a blowtorch would melting butter.”
In 1972, cardiologist Robert Atkins wrote “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”, and in 2002, he produced
a new edition. 16………………………… By restricting carbohydrate consumption to an absolute
minimum, dieters induce ketosis, a metabolic condition in which fat is used as fuel. Apples are not
acceptable, but bacon is acceptable. In the 1980s, the Beverly Hills Diet gained popularity, based on
the notion that certain foods should be mixed while others should not. Fruit should only be consumed
on its own, and pineapple aids in weight loss in particular. Champagne is neutral and can be consumed
with any food or drink.
Throughout the period between the 1980s and the turn of the 21st century, public opinion swung
from believing that all fats were unhealthy and carbohydrates were healthy to fleeing carbohydrates and
embracing fat. In the 1990s, the Mediterranean diet, consisting of healthy fats such as olive oil, whole
grains, lean meats and fish, and an abundance of fresh vegetables, was all the rage.
17………………………… The remainder of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century witnessed
the Zone diet, the Sugar Busters diet, raw foods, the South Beach diet, the Paleo diet, and the Primal
diet. Although Americans are unlikely to return to bathing in thinning salts or having their bodies
compressed by electric rollers in the near future, there are recurring patterns.
The Atkins diet, the Banting diet, the Inuit diet of the 1920s, the keto diet, and the Drinking
Man’s Diet of the 1960s are variations on a theme. 18………………………… Yet while on the surface,
fad diets appear to be about “wellness” or a desire to achieve physical perfection, Diet and the Disease
of Civilization author Adrienne Rose Bitar believes that there is more to it than that. “Diets stand in for
the larger argument about history, salvation, nature, money, and power… and all the other concepts that
make the world worth contemplating,” she writes.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. The several editions have sold over 15 million copies.
B. It gained such popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States that his name became a verb.
C. Diets became of interest to religious organisations following the publication of the first systematic statement of food theory.
D. In this salon, clients were encased between two sets of rollers that, via the use of electricity, compressed the body up to 80 times per minute.
E. The Drinking Man’s Diet allowed steak slathered in Béarnaise sauce, Roquefort-topped salads, and dry martinis as long as they were not accompanied by a baked potato.
F. It is an ancient eating pattern that dietitians still endorse.
G. This marked the beginning of dieting in the United States.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

All About Fad Diets
Since the beginning of dieting in the 19th century, the United States appears to experience
nutritional whiplash around every decade. In “Our National Eating Disorder,” published in the New York
Times Magazine in 2004, Michael Pollan stated, “It is remarkable how little it takes to trigger one of
these applecart-toppling nutritional swings in America. Overnight, a scientific study, a new government
directive, or a lone quack with a medical degree can alter the national diet.” In the 1830s, Sylvester
Graham, a Presbyterian preacher who was adamant about the dangers of consuming processed flours,
produced flour made from the complete wheat germ, not just the endosperm. 13…………………………
In the decades and centuries that followed, various food and exercise regimens, pills, potions,
and pastes were advertised as the secret to beauty, fitness, and slimness. Many diet adherents have
literally rolled on the floor, taken baths with thinning salts, subsisted on nothing but bananas and skim
milk, and voluntarily suffered yoghurt enemas. William Banting, an English undertaker, embarked on a
low-carb diet to lose weight in 1863 and wrote about it in his pamphlet “Letter on Corpulence.”
14………………………… “No, thank you, I’m Banting,” was the response to “Would you like a slice of
cake?”
In the early 20th century, the “reduction salon” was introduced. 15………………………… In the
1920s, at his “legendarily nutty” Battle Creek, Michigan, sanitarium, John Harvey Kellogg advised an
all-grape diet and “a two-fronted assault on his patients’ alimentary canals, introducing gobs of
Bulgarian yoghurt at both ends.” The subsequent decades witnessed the rise of the grapefruit diet
(1930s), which promised weight loss if a grapefruit was consumed at each meal, the cabbage soup diet
(1950s), which permitted the consumption of as much cabbage soup as desired, and the macrobiotic
diet (1960s), which was based on the Japanese diet of soy, brown rice, and vegetables. The
introduction of Weight Watchers in 1963 urged Americans to abandon “dieting” in favour of “eating
control,” but fad diets did not disappear. By the end of the decade, the 3-Way Diet Program boasted
that it would “Literally melting the fat off your body like a blowtorch would melting butter.”
In 1972, cardiologist Robert Atkins wrote “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”, and in 2002, he produced
a new edition. 16………………………… By restricting carbohydrate consumption to an absolute
minimum, dieters induce ketosis, a metabolic condition in which fat is used as fuel. Apples are not
acceptable, but bacon is acceptable. In the 1980s, the Beverly Hills Diet gained popularity, based on
the notion that certain foods should be mixed while others should not. Fruit should only be consumed
on its own, and pineapple aids in weight loss in particular. Champagne is neutral and can be consumed
with any food or drink.
Throughout the period between the 1980s and the turn of the 21st century, public opinion swung
from believing that all fats were unhealthy and carbohydrates were healthy to fleeing carbohydrates and
embracing fat. In the 1990s, the Mediterranean diet, consisting of healthy fats such as olive oil, whole
grains, lean meats and fish, and an abundance of fresh vegetables, was all the rage.
17………………………… The remainder of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century witnessed
the Zone diet, the Sugar Busters diet, raw foods, the South Beach diet, the Paleo diet, and the Primal
diet. Although Americans are unlikely to return to bathing in thinning salts or having their bodies
compressed by electric rollers in the near future, there are recurring patterns.
The Atkins diet, the Banting diet, the Inuit diet of the 1920s, the keto diet, and the Drinking
Man’s Diet of the 1960s are variations on a theme. 18………………………… Yet while on the surface,
fad diets appear to be about “wellness” or a desire to achieve physical perfection, Diet and the Disease
of Civilization author Adrienne Rose Bitar believes that there is more to it than that. “Diets stand in for
the larger argument about history, salvation, nature, money, and power… and all the other concepts that
make the world worth contemplating,” she writes.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. The several editions have sold over 15 million copies.
B. It gained such popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States that his name became a verb.
C. Diets became of interest to religious organisations following the publication of the first systematic statement of food theory.
D. In this salon, clients were encased between two sets of rollers that, via the use of electricity, compressed the body up to 80 times per minute.
E. The Drinking Man’s Diet allowed steak slathered in Béarnaise sauce, Roquefort-topped salads, and dry martinis as long as they were not accompanied by a baked potato.
F. It is an ancient eating pattern that dietitians still endorse.
G. This marked the beginning of dieting in the United States.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

All About Fad Diets
Since the beginning of dieting in the 19th century, the United States appears to experience
nutritional whiplash around every decade. In “Our National Eating Disorder,” published in the New York
Times Magazine in 2004, Michael Pollan stated, “It is remarkable how little it takes to trigger one of
these applecart-toppling nutritional swings in America. Overnight, a scientific study, a new government
directive, or a lone quack with a medical degree can alter the national diet.” In the 1830s, Sylvester
Graham, a Presbyterian preacher who was adamant about the dangers of consuming processed flours,
produced flour made from the complete wheat germ, not just the endosperm. 13…………………………
In the decades and centuries that followed, various food and exercise regimens, pills, potions,
and pastes were advertised as the secret to beauty, fitness, and slimness. Many diet adherents have
literally rolled on the floor, taken baths with thinning salts, subsisted on nothing but bananas and skim
milk, and voluntarily suffered yoghurt enemas. William Banting, an English undertaker, embarked on a
low-carb diet to lose weight in 1863 and wrote about it in his pamphlet “Letter on Corpulence.”
14………………………… “No, thank you, I’m Banting,” was the response to “Would you like a slice of
cake?”
In the early 20th century, the “reduction salon” was introduced. 15………………………… In the
1920s, at his “legendarily nutty” Battle Creek, Michigan, sanitarium, John Harvey Kellogg advised an
all-grape diet and “a two-fronted assault on his patients’ alimentary canals, introducing gobs of
Bulgarian yoghurt at both ends.” The subsequent decades witnessed the rise of the grapefruit diet
(1930s), which promised weight loss if a grapefruit was consumed at each meal, the cabbage soup diet
(1950s), which permitted the consumption of as much cabbage soup as desired, and the macrobiotic
diet (1960s), which was based on the Japanese diet of soy, brown rice, and vegetables. The
introduction of Weight Watchers in 1963 urged Americans to abandon “dieting” in favour of “eating
control,” but fad diets did not disappear. By the end of the decade, the 3-Way Diet Program boasted
that it would “Literally melting the fat off your body like a blowtorch would melting butter.”
In 1972, cardiologist Robert Atkins wrote “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”, and in 2002, he produced
a new edition. 16………………………… By restricting carbohydrate consumption to an absolute
minimum, dieters induce ketosis, a metabolic condition in which fat is used as fuel. Apples are not
acceptable, but bacon is acceptable. In the 1980s, the Beverly Hills Diet gained popularity, based on
the notion that certain foods should be mixed while others should not. Fruit should only be consumed
on its own, and pineapple aids in weight loss in particular. Champagne is neutral and can be consumed
with any food or drink.
Throughout the period between the 1980s and the turn of the 21st century, public opinion swung
from believing that all fats were unhealthy and carbohydrates were healthy to fleeing carbohydrates and
embracing fat. In the 1990s, the Mediterranean diet, consisting of healthy fats such as olive oil, whole
grains, lean meats and fish, and an abundance of fresh vegetables, was all the rage.
17………………………… The remainder of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century witnessed
the Zone diet, the Sugar Busters diet, raw foods, the South Beach diet, the Paleo diet, and the Primal
diet. Although Americans are unlikely to return to bathing in thinning salts or having their bodies
compressed by electric rollers in the near future, there are recurring patterns.
The Atkins diet, the Banting diet, the Inuit diet of the 1920s, the keto diet, and the Drinking
Man’s Diet of the 1960s are variations on a theme. 18………………………… Yet while on the surface,
fad diets appear to be about “wellness” or a desire to achieve physical perfection, Diet and the Disease
of Civilization author Adrienne Rose Bitar believes that there is more to it than that. “Diets stand in for
the larger argument about history, salvation, nature, money, and power… and all the other concepts that
make the world worth contemplating,” she writes.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. The several editions have sold over 15 million copies.
B. It gained such popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States that his name became a verb.
C. Diets became of interest to religious organisations following the publication of the first systematic statement of food theory.
D. In this salon, clients were encased between two sets of rollers that, via the use of electricity, compressed the body up to 80 times per minute.
E. The Drinking Man’s Diet allowed steak slathered in Béarnaise sauce, Roquefort-topped salads, and dry martinis as long as they were not accompanied by a baked potato.
F. It is an ancient eating pattern that dietitians still endorse.
G. This marked the beginning of dieting in the United States.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

All About Fad Diets
Since the beginning of dieting in the 19th century, the United States appears to experience
nutritional whiplash around every decade. In “Our National Eating Disorder,” published in the New York
Times Magazine in 2004, Michael Pollan stated, “It is remarkable how little it takes to trigger one of
these applecart-toppling nutritional swings in America. Overnight, a scientific study, a new government
directive, or a lone quack with a medical degree can alter the national diet.” In the 1830s, Sylvester
Graham, a Presbyterian preacher who was adamant about the dangers of consuming processed flours,
produced flour made from the complete wheat germ, not just the endosperm. 13…………………………
In the decades and centuries that followed, various food and exercise regimens, pills, potions,
and pastes were advertised as the secret to beauty, fitness, and slimness. Many diet adherents have
literally rolled on the floor, taken baths with thinning salts, subsisted on nothing but bananas and skim
milk, and voluntarily suffered yoghurt enemas. William Banting, an English undertaker, embarked on a
low-carb diet to lose weight in 1863 and wrote about it in his pamphlet “Letter on Corpulence.”
14………………………… “No, thank you, I’m Banting,” was the response to “Would you like a slice of
cake?”
In the early 20th century, the “reduction salon” was introduced. 15………………………… In the
1920s, at his “legendarily nutty” Battle Creek, Michigan, sanitarium, John Harvey Kellogg advised an
all-grape diet and “a two-fronted assault on his patients’ alimentary canals, introducing gobs of
Bulgarian yoghurt at both ends.” The subsequent decades witnessed the rise of the grapefruit diet
(1930s), which promised weight loss if a grapefruit was consumed at each meal, the cabbage soup diet
(1950s), which permitted the consumption of as much cabbage soup as desired, and the macrobiotic
diet (1960s), which was based on the Japanese diet of soy, brown rice, and vegetables. The
introduction of Weight Watchers in 1963 urged Americans to abandon “dieting” in favour of “eating
control,” but fad diets did not disappear. By the end of the decade, the 3-Way Diet Program boasted
that it would “Literally melting the fat off your body like a blowtorch would melting butter.”
In 1972, cardiologist Robert Atkins wrote “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”, and in 2002, he produced
a new edition. 16………………………… By restricting carbohydrate consumption to an absolute
minimum, dieters induce ketosis, a metabolic condition in which fat is used as fuel. Apples are not
acceptable, but bacon is acceptable. In the 1980s, the Beverly Hills Diet gained popularity, based on
the notion that certain foods should be mixed while others should not. Fruit should only be consumed
on its own, and pineapple aids in weight loss in particular. Champagne is neutral and can be consumed
with any food or drink.
Throughout the period between the 1980s and the turn of the 21st century, public opinion swung
from believing that all fats were unhealthy and carbohydrates were healthy to fleeing carbohydrates and
embracing fat. In the 1990s, the Mediterranean diet, consisting of healthy fats such as olive oil, whole
grains, lean meats and fish, and an abundance of fresh vegetables, was all the rage.
17………………………… The remainder of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century witnessed
the Zone diet, the Sugar Busters diet, raw foods, the South Beach diet, the Paleo diet, and the Primal
diet. Although Americans are unlikely to return to bathing in thinning salts or having their bodies
compressed by electric rollers in the near future, there are recurring patterns.
The Atkins diet, the Banting diet, the Inuit diet of the 1920s, the keto diet, and the Drinking
Man’s Diet of the 1960s are variations on a theme. 18………………………… Yet while on the surface,
fad diets appear to be about “wellness” or a desire to achieve physical perfection, Diet and the Disease
of Civilization author Adrienne Rose Bitar believes that there is more to it than that. “Diets stand in for
the larger argument about history, salvation, nature, money, and power… and all the other concepts that
make the world worth contemplating,” she writes.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. The several editions have sold over 15 million copies.
B. It gained such popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States that his name became a verb.
C. Diets became of interest to religious organisations following the publication of the first systematic statement of food theory.
D. In this salon, clients were encased between two sets of rollers that, via the use of electricity, compressed the body up to 80 times per minute.
E. The Drinking Man’s Diet allowed steak slathered in Béarnaise sauce, Roquefort-topped salads, and dry martinis as long as they were not accompanied by a baked potato.
F. It is an ancient eating pattern that dietitians still endorse.
G. This marked the beginning of dieting in the United States.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

All About Fad Diets
Since the beginning of dieting in the 19th century, the United States appears to experience
nutritional whiplash around every decade. In “Our National Eating Disorder,” published in the New York
Times Magazine in 2004, Michael Pollan stated, “It is remarkable how little it takes to trigger one of
these applecart-toppling nutritional swings in America. Overnight, a scientific study, a new government
directive, or a lone quack with a medical degree can alter the national diet.” In the 1830s, Sylvester
Graham, a Presbyterian preacher who was adamant about the dangers of consuming processed flours,
produced flour made from the complete wheat germ, not just the endosperm. 13…………………………
In the decades and centuries that followed, various food and exercise regimens, pills, potions,
and pastes were advertised as the secret to beauty, fitness, and slimness. Many diet adherents have
literally rolled on the floor, taken baths with thinning salts, subsisted on nothing but bananas and skim
milk, and voluntarily suffered yoghurt enemas. William Banting, an English undertaker, embarked on a
low-carb diet to lose weight in 1863 and wrote about it in his pamphlet “Letter on Corpulence.”
14………………………… “No, thank you, I’m Banting,” was the response to “Would you like a slice of
cake?”
In the early 20th century, the “reduction salon” was introduced. 15………………………… In the
1920s, at his “legendarily nutty” Battle Creek, Michigan, sanitarium, John Harvey Kellogg advised an
all-grape diet and “a two-fronted assault on his patients’ alimentary canals, introducing gobs of
Bulgarian yoghurt at both ends.” The subsequent decades witnessed the rise of the grapefruit diet
(1930s), which promised weight loss if a grapefruit was consumed at each meal, the cabbage soup diet
(1950s), which permitted the consumption of as much cabbage soup as desired, and the macrobiotic
diet (1960s), which was based on the Japanese diet of soy, brown rice, and vegetables. The
introduction of Weight Watchers in 1963 urged Americans to abandon “dieting” in favour of “eating
control,” but fad diets did not disappear. By the end of the decade, the 3-Way Diet Program boasted
that it would “Literally melting the fat off your body like a blowtorch would melting butter.”
In 1972, cardiologist Robert Atkins wrote “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”, and in 2002, he produced
a new edition. 16………………………… By restricting carbohydrate consumption to an absolute
minimum, dieters induce ketosis, a metabolic condition in which fat is used as fuel. Apples are not
acceptable, but bacon is acceptable. In the 1980s, the Beverly Hills Diet gained popularity, based on
the notion that certain foods should be mixed while others should not. Fruit should only be consumed
on its own, and pineapple aids in weight loss in particular. Champagne is neutral and can be consumed
with any food or drink.
Throughout the period between the 1980s and the turn of the 21st century, public opinion swung
from believing that all fats were unhealthy and carbohydrates were healthy to fleeing carbohydrates and
embracing fat. In the 1990s, the Mediterranean diet, consisting of healthy fats such as olive oil, whole
grains, lean meats and fish, and an abundance of fresh vegetables, was all the rage.
17………………………… The remainder of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century witnessed
the Zone diet, the Sugar Busters diet, raw foods, the South Beach diet, the Paleo diet, and the Primal
diet. Although Americans are unlikely to return to bathing in thinning salts or having their bodies
compressed by electric rollers in the near future, there are recurring patterns.
The Atkins diet, the Banting diet, the Inuit diet of the 1920s, the keto diet, and the Drinking
Man’s Diet of the 1960s are variations on a theme. 18………………………… Yet while on the surface,
fad diets appear to be about “wellness” or a desire to achieve physical perfection, Diet and the Disease
of Civilization author Adrienne Rose Bitar believes that there is more to it than that. “Diets stand in for
the larger argument about history, salvation, nature, money, and power… and all the other concepts that
make the world worth contemplating,” she writes.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. The several editions have sold over 15 million copies.
B. It gained such popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States that his name became a verb.
C. Diets became of interest to religious organisations following the publication of the first systematic statement of food theory.
D. In this salon, clients were encased between two sets of rollers that, via the use of electricity, compressed the body up to 80 times per minute.
E. The Drinking Man’s Diet allowed steak slathered in Béarnaise sauce, Roquefort-topped salads, and dry martinis as long as they were not accompanied by a baked potato.
F. It is an ancient eating pattern that dietitians still endorse.
G. This marked the beginning of dieting in the United States.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

All About Fad Diets
Since the beginning of dieting in the 19th century, the United States appears to experience
nutritional whiplash around every decade. In “Our National Eating Disorder,” published in the New York
Times Magazine in 2004, Michael Pollan stated, “It is remarkable how little it takes to trigger one of
these applecart-toppling nutritional swings in America. Overnight, a scientific study, a new government
directive, or a lone quack with a medical degree can alter the national diet.” In the 1830s, Sylvester
Graham, a Presbyterian preacher who was adamant about the dangers of consuming processed flours,
produced flour made from the complete wheat germ, not just the endosperm. 13…………………………
In the decades and centuries that followed, various food and exercise regimens, pills, potions,
and pastes were advertised as the secret to beauty, fitness, and slimness. Many diet adherents have
literally rolled on the floor, taken baths with thinning salts, subsisted on nothing but bananas and skim
milk, and voluntarily suffered yoghurt enemas. William Banting, an English undertaker, embarked on a
low-carb diet to lose weight in 1863 and wrote about it in his pamphlet “Letter on Corpulence.”
14………………………… “No, thank you, I’m Banting,” was the response to “Would you like a slice of
cake?”
In the early 20th century, the “reduction salon” was introduced. 15………………………… In the
1920s, at his “legendarily nutty” Battle Creek, Michigan, sanitarium, John Harvey Kellogg advised an
all-grape diet and “a two-fronted assault on his patients’ alimentary canals, introducing gobs of
Bulgarian yoghurt at both ends.” The subsequent decades witnessed the rise of the grapefruit diet
(1930s), which promised weight loss if a grapefruit was consumed at each meal, the cabbage soup diet
(1950s), which permitted the consumption of as much cabbage soup as desired, and the macrobiotic
diet (1960s), which was based on the Japanese diet of soy, brown rice, and vegetables. The
introduction of Weight Watchers in 1963 urged Americans to abandon “dieting” in favour of “eating
control,” but fad diets did not disappear. By the end of the decade, the 3-Way Diet Program boasted
that it would “Literally melting the fat off your body like a blowtorch would melting butter.”
In 1972, cardiologist Robert Atkins wrote “Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution”, and in 2002, he produced
a new edition. 16………………………… By restricting carbohydrate consumption to an absolute
minimum, dieters induce ketosis, a metabolic condition in which fat is used as fuel. Apples are not
acceptable, but bacon is acceptable. In the 1980s, the Beverly Hills Diet gained popularity, based on
the notion that certain foods should be mixed while others should not. Fruit should only be consumed
on its own, and pineapple aids in weight loss in particular. Champagne is neutral and can be consumed
with any food or drink.
Throughout the period between the 1980s and the turn of the 21st century, public opinion swung
from believing that all fats were unhealthy and carbohydrates were healthy to fleeing carbohydrates and
embracing fat. In the 1990s, the Mediterranean diet, consisting of healthy fats such as olive oil, whole
grains, lean meats and fish, and an abundance of fresh vegetables, was all the rage.
17………………………… The remainder of the 20th century and the start of the 21st century witnessed
the Zone diet, the Sugar Busters diet, raw foods, the South Beach diet, the Paleo diet, and the Primal
diet. Although Americans are unlikely to return to bathing in thinning salts or having their bodies
compressed by electric rollers in the near future, there are recurring patterns.
The Atkins diet, the Banting diet, the Inuit diet of the 1920s, the keto diet, and the Drinking
Man’s Diet of the 1960s are variations on a theme. 18………………………… Yet while on the surface,
fad diets appear to be about “wellness” or a desire to achieve physical perfection, Diet and the Disease
of Civilization author Adrienne Rose Bitar believes that there is more to it than that. “Diets stand in for
the larger argument about history, salvation, nature, money, and power… and all the other concepts that
make the world worth contemplating,” she writes.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. The several editions have sold over 15 million copies.
B. It gained such popularity in the United Kingdom and the United States that his name became a verb.
C. Diets became of interest to religious organisations following the publication of the first systematic statement of food theory.
D. In this salon, clients were encased between two sets of rollers that, via the use of electricity, compressed the body up to 80 times per minute.
E. The Drinking Man’s Diet allowed steak slathered in Béarnaise sauce, Roquefort-topped salads, and dry martinis as long as they were not accompanied by a baked potato.
F. It is an ancient eating pattern that dietitians still endorse.
G. This marked the beginning of dieting in the United States.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Answer the following questions by choosing the correct letter that matches the description. Take note that the letters can be repeated accordingly.

Which extract mentions about…

19. a type of symbiosis in which one species controls the populace of the other species to prevent any one species from becoming rampant yet can sometimes harm the latter’s numbers?

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Which extract mentions about…

20. a type of symbiosis in which two species gain merit from each other such as enhanced vigour?

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Which extract mentions about…

21. A type of symbiosis in which multiple species compete for capped reserves that are vital to their survival?

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Which extract mentions about…

22. a type of symbiosis in which one organism pursues another for sustenance?

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Which extract mentions about…

23. a type of symbiosis in which one creature lives in tight connection with another, consuming its nutrition and occasionally inflicting damage to the second organism?

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Which extract mentions about…

24. a type of symbiosis in which the vitality and success of two species are tightly connected, and any alterations to one species can have repercussions on the other?

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Dead Fish and Chemical Smells Plague Ohio Community
Two weeks after a train carrying dangerous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, people continue
to report health concerns and sick animals.
Governor Michael DeWine of Ohio requested additional federal assistance in dealing with the issue as
officials struggled to comprehend and manage the incident’s effects. Jacob Knutson of Axios reports
that state and federal health departments will soon establish a clinic where community members with or
without health insurance will be able to have any health complaints evaluated.
Michael Koehler, a member of the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Chemical Safety, tells
Prem Thakker of the New Republic, “I am concerned that the area has been pronounced safe so soon
without extensive evidence showing the risk has been decreased.” As long as safety issues persist, it is
difficult to comprehend how residents were allowed to return.
During the evening of February 3, 38 of a train’s 150 cars derailed and caught fire, 11 of which were
carrying dangerous chemicals. Two days later, officials became concerned because rising temperatures
in one of the rail cars indicated the potential for a catastrophic explosion. To prevent this, authorities
issued an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-mile area surrounding the location and burned five
automobiles containing the chemical vinyl chloride.
As the chemicals burned on the train, thick plumes of black smoke arose from the locomotive. Becky
Sullivan of National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR) reports that after the fire was doused on February 8,
officials judged that the air quality was safe and people were permitted to return home.
Many have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throats following the
occurrence. In some areas, chemical odours persist, and reports of dead wildlife and sick pets are
multiplying.
NBC News’ Aria Bendix and David K. Li report that as of February 8, the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources estimated that the spilt chemicals had killed 3,500 fish across 7.5 kilometres of streams.
According to NPR, department authorities have discovered no evidence of harm to other species.
Residents have reported foxes, cats, and poultry growing ill or dying, despite the fact that there is no
official documentation linking these instances to the derailment.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) say that the air quality is safe. Debra Shore,
the regional administrator for the EPA, states in a statement, “Since the fire was extinguished on
February 8, EPA air monitoring has not discovered any health concerns in the community attributable to
the railway derailment.”
As of the evening of the 16th of February, the EPA had participated in monitoring the air quality in 500
residences and had not identified vinyl chloride or hydrogen at levels that were cause for alarm.
But, in a letter addressed to the train’s operator, Norfolk Southern, on February 10, the EPA reported
that contaminants from the incident had been identified in multiple bodies of water, including the Ohio
River.
The National Cancer Institute has connected vinyl chloride exposure to liver cancer, brain and lung
cancer, lymphoma, and leukaemia. According to the EPA, when vinyl chloride is burned, it breaks down
into hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide fumes. Hydrogen chloride can
irritate the skin, nose, eyes, throat, and larynx, whereas phosgene can irritate the eyes and throat as
well as provoke vomiting, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
John McCracken of Grist reports that the derailment also released butyl acrylate, which can cause skin
irritation, as well as petroleum and the carcinogen ethylhexyl acrylate, which has been connected to
aquatic death.
Last week, officials stated that water from municipal sources is safe to drink, but they advised private
well owners to get their water tested and use bottled water for the time being, as reported by NPR.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

25 According to the extract, governor DeWine requested for additional federal assistance in
dealing with the aftermath of the train derailment. What does this say about him?

A. He blamed the affected communities for the train derailment and refused to take any action to mitigate the situation.
B. He failed to recognize the severity of the situation and did not request any assistance from federal authorities or experts.
C. He showed concern for affected communities and willingness to collaborate with authorities and experts to ensure the people receive the necessary support and resources.
D. He is nonchalant to the plight of the affected communities and is uninterested in seeking federal assistance.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Dead Fish and Chemical Smells Plague Ohio Community
Two weeks after a train carrying dangerous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, people continue
to report health concerns and sick animals.
Governor Michael DeWine of Ohio requested additional federal assistance in dealing with the issue as
officials struggled to comprehend and manage the incident’s effects. Jacob Knutson of Axios reports
that state and federal health departments will soon establish a clinic where community members with or
without health insurance will be able to have any health complaints evaluated.
Michael Koehler, a member of the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Chemical Safety, tells
Prem Thakker of the New Republic, “I am concerned that the area has been pronounced safe so soon
without extensive evidence showing the risk has been decreased.” As long as safety issues persist, it is
difficult to comprehend how residents were allowed to return.
During the evening of February 3, 38 of a train’s 150 cars derailed and caught fire, 11 of which were
carrying dangerous chemicals. Two days later, officials became concerned because rising temperatures
in one of the rail cars indicated the potential for a catastrophic explosion. To prevent this, authorities
issued an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-mile area surrounding the location and burned five
automobiles containing the chemical vinyl chloride.
As the chemicals burned on the train, thick plumes of black smoke arose from the locomotive. Becky
Sullivan of National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR) reports that after the fire was doused on February 8,
officials judged that the air quality was safe and people were permitted to return home.
Many have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throats following the
occurrence. In some areas, chemical odours persist, and reports of dead wildlife and sick pets are
multiplying.
NBC News’ Aria Bendix and David K. Li report that as of February 8, the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources estimated that the spilt chemicals had killed 3,500 fish across 7.5 kilometres of streams.
According to NPR, department authorities have discovered no evidence of harm to other species.
Residents have reported foxes, cats, and poultry growing ill or dying, despite the fact that there is no
official documentation linking these instances to the derailment.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) say that the air quality is safe. Debra Shore,
the regional administrator for the EPA, states in a statement, “Since the fire was extinguished on
February 8, EPA air monitoring has not discovered any health concerns in the community attributable to
the railway derailment.”
As of the evening of the 16th of February, the EPA had participated in monitoring the air quality in 500
residences and had not identified vinyl chloride or hydrogen at levels that were cause for alarm.
But, in a letter addressed to the train’s operator, Norfolk Southern, on February 10, the EPA reported
that contaminants from the incident had been identified in multiple bodies of water, including the Ohio
River.
The National Cancer Institute has connected vinyl chloride exposure to liver cancer, brain and lung
cancer, lymphoma, and leukaemia. According to the EPA, when vinyl chloride is burned, it breaks down
into hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide fumes. Hydrogen chloride can
irritate the skin, nose, eyes, throat, and larynx, whereas phosgene can irritate the eyes and throat as
well as provoke vomiting, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
John McCracken of Grist reports that the derailment also released butyl acrylate, which can cause skin
irritation, as well as petroleum and the carcinogen ethylhexyl acrylate, which has been connected to
aquatic death.
Last week, officials stated that water from municipal sources is safe to drink, but they advised private
well owners to get their water tested and use bottled water for the time being, as reported by NPR.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

26 Based on the extract, why did authorities issue an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-milearea surrounding the location and burn five automobiles containing a certain chemical?
A. To prevent a conceivable fatal blast.
B. To protect the chemical from possible exposure to oxygen.
C. To test the effectiveness of the chemical on burning automobiles.
D. To create a controlled burn in the surrounding area.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Dead Fish and Chemical Smells Plague Ohio Community
Two weeks after a train carrying dangerous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, people continue
to report health concerns and sick animals.
Governor Michael DeWine of Ohio requested additional federal assistance in dealing with the issue as
officials struggled to comprehend and manage the incident’s effects. Jacob Knutson of Axios reports
that state and federal health departments will soon establish a clinic where community members with or
without health insurance will be able to have any health complaints evaluated.
Michael Koehler, a member of the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Chemical Safety, tells
Prem Thakker of the New Republic, “I am concerned that the area has been pronounced safe so soon
without extensive evidence showing the risk has been decreased.” As long as safety issues persist, it is
difficult to comprehend how residents were allowed to return.
During the evening of February 3, 38 of a train’s 150 cars derailed and caught fire, 11 of which were
carrying dangerous chemicals. Two days later, officials became concerned because rising temperatures
in one of the rail cars indicated the potential for a catastrophic explosion. To prevent this, authorities
issued an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-mile area surrounding the location and burned five
automobiles containing the chemical vinyl chloride.
As the chemicals burned on the train, thick plumes of black smoke arose from the locomotive. Becky
Sullivan of National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR) reports that after the fire was doused on February 8,
officials judged that the air quality was safe and people were permitted to return home.
Many have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throats following the
occurrence. In some areas, chemical odours persist, and reports of dead wildlife and sick pets are
multiplying.
NBC News’ Aria Bendix and David K. Li report that as of February 8, the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources estimated that the spilt chemicals had killed 3,500 fish across 7.5 kilometres of streams.
According to NPR, department authorities have discovered no evidence of harm to other species.
Residents have reported foxes, cats, and poultry growing ill or dying, despite the fact that there is no
official documentation linking these instances to the derailment.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) say that the air quality is safe. Debra Shore,
the regional administrator for the EPA, states in a statement, “Since the fire was extinguished on
February 8, EPA air monitoring has not discovered any health concerns in the community attributable to
the railway derailment.”
As of the evening of the 16th of February, the EPA had participated in monitoring the air quality in 500
residences and had not identified vinyl chloride or hydrogen at levels that were cause for alarm.
But, in a letter addressed to the train’s operator, Norfolk Southern, on February 10, the EPA reported
that contaminants from the incident had been identified in multiple bodies of water, including the Ohio
River.
The National Cancer Institute has connected vinyl chloride exposure to liver cancer, brain and lung
cancer, lymphoma, and leukaemia. According to the EPA, when vinyl chloride is burned, it breaks down
into hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide fumes. Hydrogen chloride can
irritate the skin, nose, eyes, throat, and larynx, whereas phosgene can irritate the eyes and throat as
well as provoke vomiting, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
John McCracken of Grist reports that the derailment also released butyl acrylate, which can cause skin
irritation, as well as petroleum and the carcinogen ethylhexyl acrylate, which has been connected to
aquatic death.
Last week, officials stated that water from municipal sources is safe to drink, but they advised private
well owners to get their water tested and use bottled water for the time being, as reported by NPR.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

27 Many people have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throatsfollowing the train derailment incident in Ohio, and chemical odours persist in some areas. What does this say about the severity of the incident?
A. It suggests that the incident has had a minimal impact on the affected communities and the environment, indicating a minor and short-term situation.
B. It suggests that the incident has had a moderate impact on the affected communities and the environment, indicating a situation that can be managed without much difficulty.
C. It suggests that the incident has had a significant impact on the affected communities and the environment, indicating a serious and potentially long-lasting situation.
D. It indicates that the incident has had no impact on the affected communities and the environment, indicating an insignificant and easily manageable situation.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Dead Fish and Chemical Smells Plague Ohio Community
Two weeks after a train carrying dangerous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, people continue
to report health concerns and sick animals.
Governor Michael DeWine of Ohio requested additional federal assistance in dealing with the issue as
officials struggled to comprehend and manage the incident’s effects. Jacob Knutson of Axios reports
that state and federal health departments will soon establish a clinic where community members with or
without health insurance will be able to have any health complaints evaluated.
Michael Koehler, a member of the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Chemical Safety, tells
Prem Thakker of the New Republic, “I am concerned that the area has been pronounced safe so soon
without extensive evidence showing the risk has been decreased.” As long as safety issues persist, it is
difficult to comprehend how residents were allowed to return.
During the evening of February 3, 38 of a train’s 150 cars derailed and caught fire, 11 of which were
carrying dangerous chemicals. Two days later, officials became concerned because rising temperatures
in one of the rail cars indicated the potential for a catastrophic explosion. To prevent this, authorities
issued an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-mile area surrounding the location and burned five
automobiles containing the chemical vinyl chloride.
As the chemicals burned on the train, thick plumes of black smoke arose from the locomotive. Becky
Sullivan of National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR) reports that after the fire was doused on February 8,
officials judged that the air quality was safe and people were permitted to return home.
Many have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throats following the
occurrence. In some areas, chemical odours persist, and reports of dead wildlife and sick pets are
multiplying.
NBC News’ Aria Bendix and David K. Li report that as of February 8, the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources estimated that the spilt chemicals had killed 3,500 fish across 7.5 kilometres of streams.
According to NPR, department authorities have discovered no evidence of harm to other species.
Residents have reported foxes, cats, and poultry growing ill or dying, despite the fact that there is no
official documentation linking these instances to the derailment.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) say that the air quality is safe. Debra Shore,
the regional administrator for the EPA, states in a statement, “Since the fire was extinguished on
February 8, EPA air monitoring has not discovered any health concerns in the community attributable to
the railway derailment.”
As of the evening of the 16th of February, the EPA had participated in monitoring the air quality in 500
residences and had not identified vinyl chloride or hydrogen at levels that were cause for alarm.
But, in a letter addressed to the train’s operator, Norfolk Southern, on February 10, the EPA reported
that contaminants from the incident had been identified in multiple bodies of water, including the Ohio
River.
The National Cancer Institute has connected vinyl chloride exposure to liver cancer, brain and lung
cancer, lymphoma, and leukaemia. According to the EPA, when vinyl chloride is burned, it breaks down
into hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide fumes. Hydrogen chloride can
irritate the skin, nose, eyes, throat, and larynx, whereas phosgene can irritate the eyes and throat as
well as provoke vomiting, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
John McCracken of Grist reports that the derailment also released butyl acrylate, which can cause skin
irritation, as well as petroleum and the carcinogen ethylhexyl acrylate, which has been connected to
aquatic death.
Last week, officials stated that water from municipal sources is safe to drink, but they advised private
well owners to get their water tested and use bottled water for the time being, as reported by NPR.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

28 Since the train derailment, how has the EPA contributed to the affected area?
A. The EPA has assisted in the cleanup of oil spills in the ocean.
B. The EPA has provided clothing assistance to the affected communities in the area.
C. The EPA has conducted a study on the impact of climate change on the Ohio River.
D. The EPA has monitored air quality in numerous residences in the affected area and found no health concerns related to the derailment.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Dead Fish and Chemical Smells Plague Ohio Community
Two weeks after a train carrying dangerous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, people continue
to report health concerns and sick animals.
Governor Michael DeWine of Ohio requested additional federal assistance in dealing with the issue as
officials struggled to comprehend and manage the incident’s effects. Jacob Knutson of Axios reports
that state and federal health departments will soon establish a clinic where community members with or
without health insurance will be able to have any health complaints evaluated.
Michael Koehler, a member of the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Chemical Safety, tells
Prem Thakker of the New Republic, “I am concerned that the area has been pronounced safe so soon
without extensive evidence showing the risk has been decreased.” As long as safety issues persist, it is
difficult to comprehend how residents were allowed to return.
During the evening of February 3, 38 of a train’s 150 cars derailed and caught fire, 11 of which were
carrying dangerous chemicals. Two days later, officials became concerned because rising temperatures
in one of the rail cars indicated the potential for a catastrophic explosion. To prevent this, authorities
issued an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-mile area surrounding the location and burned five
automobiles containing the chemical vinyl chloride.
As the chemicals burned on the train, thick plumes of black smoke arose from the locomotive. Becky
Sullivan of National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR) reports that after the fire was doused on February 8,
officials judged that the air quality was safe and people were permitted to return home.
Many have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throats following the
occurrence. In some areas, chemical odours persist, and reports of dead wildlife and sick pets are
multiplying.
NBC News’ Aria Bendix and David K. Li report that as of February 8, the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources estimated that the spilt chemicals had killed 3,500 fish across 7.5 kilometres of streams.
According to NPR, department authorities have discovered no evidence of harm to other species.
Residents have reported foxes, cats, and poultry growing ill or dying, despite the fact that there is no
official documentation linking these instances to the derailment.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) say that the air quality is safe. Debra Shore,
the regional administrator for the EPA, states in a statement, “Since the fire was extinguished on
February 8, EPA air monitoring has not discovered any health concerns in the community attributable to
the railway derailment.”
As of the evening of the 16th of February, the EPA had participated in monitoring the air quality in 500
residences and had not identified vinyl chloride or hydrogen at levels that were cause for alarm.
But, in a letter addressed to the train’s operator, Norfolk Southern, on February 10, the EPA reported
that contaminants from the incident had been identified in multiple bodies of water, including the Ohio
River.
The National Cancer Institute has connected vinyl chloride exposure to liver cancer, brain and lung
cancer, lymphoma, and leukaemia. According to the EPA, when vinyl chloride is burned, it breaks down
into hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide fumes. Hydrogen chloride can
irritate the skin, nose, eyes, throat, and larynx, whereas phosgene can irritate the eyes and throat as
well as provoke vomiting, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
John McCracken of Grist reports that the derailment also released butyl acrylate, which can cause skin
irritation, as well as petroleum and the carcinogen ethylhexyl acrylate, which has been connected to
aquatic death.
Last week, officials stated that water from municipal sources is safe to drink, but they advised private
well owners to get their water tested and use bottled water for the time being, as reported by NPR.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

29 The following are health risks associated with vinyl chloride exposure according to the National Cancer Institute EXCEPT?
I. Lymphoma
II. Lung cancer
III. Prostate cancer
IV. Brain cancer
V. Skin cancer
VI. Liver cancer
VII. Stomach cancer
VIII. Leukaemia

A. II, VIII, I and VI
B. VII, III and V
C. I, V, VIII and III
D. V, VII and VIII

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Dead Fish and Chemical Smells Plague Ohio Community
Two weeks after a train carrying dangerous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, people continue
to report health concerns and sick animals.
Governor Michael DeWine of Ohio requested additional federal assistance in dealing with the issue as
officials struggled to comprehend and manage the incident’s effects. Jacob Knutson of Axios reports
that state and federal health departments will soon establish a clinic where community members with or
without health insurance will be able to have any health complaints evaluated.
Michael Koehler, a member of the American Chemical Society’s Committee on Chemical Safety, tells
Prem Thakker of the New Republic, “I am concerned that the area has been pronounced safe so soon
without extensive evidence showing the risk has been decreased.” As long as safety issues persist, it is
difficult to comprehend how residents were allowed to return.
During the evening of February 3, 38 of a train’s 150 cars derailed and caught fire, 11 of which were
carrying dangerous chemicals. Two days later, officials became concerned because rising temperatures
in one of the rail cars indicated the potential for a catastrophic explosion. To prevent this, authorities
issued an evacuation alert for a one-by-two-mile area surrounding the location and burned five
automobiles containing the chemical vinyl chloride.
As the chemicals burned on the train, thick plumes of black smoke arose from the locomotive. Becky
Sullivan of National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR) reports that after the fire was doused on February 8,
officials judged that the air quality was safe and people were permitted to return home.
Many have experienced respiratory issues, itchy, burning eyes, and sore throats following the
occurrence. In some areas, chemical odours persist, and reports of dead wildlife and sick pets are
multiplying.
NBC News’ Aria Bendix and David K. Li report that as of February 8, the Ohio Department of Natural
Resources estimated that the spilt chemicals had killed 3,500 fish across 7.5 kilometres of streams.
According to NPR, department authorities have discovered no evidence of harm to other species.
Residents have reported foxes, cats, and poultry growing ill or dying, despite the fact that there is no
official documentation linking these instances to the derailment.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) say that the air quality is safe. Debra Shore,
the regional administrator for the EPA, states in a statement, “Since the fire was extinguished on
February 8, EPA air monitoring has not discovered any health concerns in the community attributable to
the railway derailment.”
As of the evening of the 16th of February, the EPA had participated in monitoring the air quality in 500
residences and had not identified vinyl chloride or hydrogen at levels that were cause for alarm.
But, in a letter addressed to the train’s operator, Norfolk Southern, on February 10, the EPA reported
that contaminants from the incident had been identified in multiple bodies of water, including the Ohio
River.
The National Cancer Institute has connected vinyl chloride exposure to liver cancer, brain and lung
cancer, lymphoma, and leukaemia. According to the EPA, when vinyl chloride is burned, it breaks down
into hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide fumes. Hydrogen chloride can
irritate the skin, nose, eyes, throat, and larynx, whereas phosgene can irritate the eyes and throat as
well as provoke vomiting, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
John McCracken of Grist reports that the derailment also released butyl acrylate, which can cause skin
irritation, as well as petroleum and the carcinogen ethylhexyl acrylate, which has been connected to
aquatic death.
Last week, officials stated that water from municipal sources is safe to drink, but they advised private
well owners to get their water tested and use bottled water for the time being, as reported by NPR.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

30 What is the purpose of the extract?
A. To humour readers about a train carrying toxic chemicals derailed and burned, endangering the lives of neighbouring residents and damaging the local ecosystem.
B. To report that EPA carried dangerous chemicals that derailed, caught fire, and affected the local population’s health and the environment.
C. To provide information about a bus transporting hazardous chemicals that derailed and caught fire, causing health concerns and environmental damage to the surrounding community.
D. To report about a train carrying hazardous chemicals derailed and caught fire, causing health concerns and environmental damage to the nearby population