DAY 3 – Summer Holiday Group 6 Year 6 English Trial Test

Extract A: What is a Carbon Footprint?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the influence your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to sustain a person’s lifestyle and activities, both directly and indirectly. Carbon footprints are often quantified in equivalent tonnes of CO2 over the course of one year, and they can be attributed to individuals, organisations, products, and events, among others.

Carbon footprints can emerge from the production and consumption of fossil fuels, food, manufactured products, materials, roads, or transportation. And despite their significance, carbon footprints are difficult to determine precisely due to a lack of information regarding the complex interactions between contributing systems – including the impact of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide.

A carbon footprint is an essential tool for understanding the effect of an individual’s actions on global warming. To effectively contribute to halting global warming, at least on an individual level, one must assess and monitor their carbon footprint. And here is when online calculators enter the picture. Using the carbon footprint calculators from WWF, TerraPass (includes a calculator for businesses and events), or the UN, for instance, you will be asked to provide information such as: how you commute to work, what your typical diet is, how much you drive or fly, the size of your household, and the type of electricity the grid provides you.

There are a number of reasons why the answer you obtain will not be flawless or extremely accurate. First, carbon footprint calculators utilise standard figures that are not always accurate for a variety of potential scenarios. For example, if you provide the average number of miles you drive per month, a given reference value for CO2/emissions/mile will be multiplied by your miles and then by 12 months. However, these values are estimates: you may drive more than you told the calculator, and you may drive a 44 truck rather than an SUV, as the algorithm anticipates.

The same is true for your diet: on average, eating meat is quite carbon-polluting, but it also depends on where you purchase it (if it’s purchased locally, there are fewer emissions from shipping) and how birds are fed. Another problem is that these assessments frequently neglect to account for products and services acquired (since it is so difficult to find accurate statistics).

The reality is that the existing consumption model of our civilization is depleting the resources and ecosystems of the planet. Especially the “most fortunate” portion of the population that has more money to spend on consumerism without necessarily being responsible.

This ethical consumption typically entails purchasing goods that adhere to ecological production methods, are carried over small distances, and ensure that the producers receive a fair wage… It is also about travelling in methods that produce fewer CO2 emissions, such as walking, cycling, taking public transportation, or carpooling with three other individuals. All of these factors contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and a smaller carbon impact.

The reality is that it is difficult to find a precise number. Nevertheless, these carbon footprint calculators are the best available, so there is no excuse for not calculating your carbon footprint and attempting to reduce it.

Extract B: Fixing Carbon Footprints

Each of us has a carbon footprint, which is the total quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each day by humans. Numerous activities, including driving a car, flying in an aeroplane, and heating a home, produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide generates pollution; excessive carbon is extremely detrimental. But don’t fret! It is surprisingly simple to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment.

Carbon emissions are produced when humans burn fossil fuels. The majority of an individual’s carbon footprint is caused by transportation and power use. Automobiles consume a great deal of gasoline and emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. And we require electricity for most activities, including cooking, lighting, and entertainment such as watching television. The food at your shop may have travelled a great distance to reach you. Buying, for example, bananas from South America increases your carbon footprint because you are consuming items that require a great deal of fuel to transport. Long showers or baths require a great deal of water, which must be heated and transported using electricity. The average American released over 20 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, which was the largest amount in the world. Since then, we have improved and reduced our emissions, but we still need to do more to be an environmentally responsible nation.

What steps can I take to lessen my carbon footprint? To become a more eco-friendly individual requires only a few adjustments. I am able to select local and organically cultivated items. By selecting locally grown fruits and veggies rather than those from halfway around the world, I will have reduced the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the transportation of produce. When purchasing a car, I can search for a model with lower carbon dioxide emissions and higher miles per gallon, allowing me to consume less gasoline and produce fewer byproducts.

Simple actions such as taking showers instead of baths and turning off the water while brushing my teeth can significantly minimise my carbon footprint. It takes a great deal of energy to purify and transport water, therefore conserving energy is beneficial. In addition to unplugging my laptop and converting to energy-efficient hair dryers and major appliances, I can lower my carbon footprint by unplugging my computer and using energy-efficient hair dryers and large appliances. Putting on a sweatshirt and decreasing the temperature in my home helps. Additionally, if a lightbulb goes out, I can replace it with an energy-efficient alternative. These minor decisions will aid in the greater scheme of things.

As you can see, reducing your carbon footprint is not that difficult. To be ecologically conscious, it is not necessary to discard your computer and live as a hermit in the woods. Simple actions such as disconnecting electronics when not in use and avoiding letting the water run unnecessarily will lower the amount of carbon dioxide you emit. These simple actions can alter the world by lowering air pollution and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

What is the purpose of both extracts?

Extract A: What is a Carbon Footprint?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the influence your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to sustain a person’s lifestyle and activities, both directly and indirectly. Carbon footprints are often quantified in equivalent tonnes of CO2 over the course of one year, and they can be attributed to individuals, organisations, products, and events, among others.

Carbon footprints can emerge from the production and consumption of fossil fuels, food, manufactured products, materials, roads, or transportation. And despite their significance, carbon footprints are difficult to determine precisely due to a lack of information regarding the complex interactions between contributing systems – including the impact of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide.

A carbon footprint is an essential tool for understanding the effect of an individual’s actions on global warming. To effectively contribute to halting global warming, at least on an individual level, one must assess and monitor their carbon footprint. And here is when online calculators enter the picture. Using the carbon footprint calculators from WWF, TerraPass (includes a calculator for businesses and events), or the UN, for instance, you will be asked to provide information such as: how you commute to work, what your typical diet is, how much you drive or fly, the size of your household, and the type of electricity the grid provides you.

There are a number of reasons why the answer you obtain will not be flawless or extremely accurate. First, carbon footprint calculators utilise standard figures that are not always accurate for a variety of potential scenarios. For example, if you provide the average number of miles you drive per month, a given reference value for CO2/emissions/mile will be multiplied by your miles and then by 12 months. However, these values are estimates: you may drive more than you told the calculator, and you may drive a 44 truck rather than an SUV, as the algorithm anticipates.

The same is true for your diet: on average, eating meat is quite carbon-polluting, but it also depends on where you purchase it (if it’s purchased locally, there are fewer emissions from shipping) and how birds are fed. Another problem is that these assessments frequently neglect to account for products and services acquired (since it is so difficult to find accurate statistics).

The reality is that the existing consumption model of our civilization is depleting the resources and ecosystems of the planet. Especially the “most fortunate” portion of the population that has more money to spend on consumerism without necessarily being responsible.

This ethical consumption typically entails purchasing goods that adhere to ecological production methods, are carried over small distances, and ensure that the producers receive a fair wage… It is also about travelling in methods that produce fewer CO2 emissions, such as walking, cycling, taking public transportation, or carpooling with three other individuals. All of these factors contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and a smaller carbon impact.

The reality is that it is difficult to find a precise number. Nevertheless, these carbon footprint calculators are the best available, so there is no excuse for not calculating your carbon footprint and attempting to reduce it.

Extract B: Fixing Carbon Footprints

Each of us has a carbon footprint, which is the total quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each day by humans. Numerous activities, including driving a car, flying in an aeroplane, and heating a home, produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide generates pollution; excessive carbon is extremely detrimental. But don’t fret! It is surprisingly simple to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment.

Carbon emissions are produced when humans burn fossil fuels. The majority of an individual’s carbon footprint is caused by transportation and power use. Automobiles consume a great deal of gasoline and emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. And we require electricity for most activities, including cooking, lighting, and entertainment such as watching television. The food at your shop may have travelled a great distance to reach you. Buying, for example, bananas from South America increases your carbon footprint because you are consuming items that require a great deal of fuel to transport. Long showers or baths require a great deal of water, which must be heated and transported using electricity. The average American released over 20 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, which was the largest amount in the world. Since then, we have improved and reduced our emissions, but we still need to do more to be an environmentally responsible nation.

What steps can I take to lessen my carbon footprint? To become a more eco-friendly individual requires only a few adjustments. I am able to select local and organically cultivated items. By selecting locally grown fruits and veggies rather than those from halfway around the world, I will have reduced the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the transportation of produce. When purchasing a car, I can search for a model with lower carbon dioxide emissions and higher miles per gallon, allowing me to consume less gasoline and produce fewer byproducts.

Simple actions such as taking showers instead of baths and turning off the water while brushing my teeth can significantly minimise my carbon footprint. It takes a great deal of energy to purify and transport water, therefore conserving energy is beneficial. In addition to unplugging my laptop and converting to energy-efficient hair dryers and major appliances, I can lower my carbon footprint by unplugging my computer and using energy-efficient hair dryers and large appliances. Putting on a sweatshirt and decreasing the temperature in my home helps. Additionally, if a lightbulb goes out, I can replace it with an energy-efficient alternative. These minor decisions will aid in the greater scheme of things.

As you can see, reducing your carbon footprint is not that difficult. To be ecologically conscious, it is not necessary to discard your computer and live as a hermit in the woods. Simple actions such as disconnecting electronics when not in use and avoiding letting the water run unnecessarily will lower the amount of carbon dioxide you emit. These simple actions can alter the world by lowering air pollution and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Paragraph 1 of extract B lists examples of carbon footprints emitted by humans every day. Which paragraph of extract A suggests what humans can do to estimate and observe their carbon footprints?

Extract A: What is a Carbon Footprint?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the influence your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to sustain a person’s lifestyle and activities, both directly and indirectly. Carbon footprints are often quantified in equivalent tonnes of CO2 over the course of one year, and they can be attributed to individuals, organisations, products, and events, among others.

Carbon footprints can emerge from the production and consumption of fossil fuels, food, manufactured products, materials, roads, or transportation. And despite their significance, carbon footprints are difficult to determine precisely due to a lack of information regarding the complex interactions between contributing systems – including the impact of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide.

A carbon footprint is an essential tool for understanding the effect of an individual’s actions on global warming. To effectively contribute to halting global warming, at least on an individual level, one must assess and monitor their carbon footprint. And here is when online calculators enter the picture. Using the carbon footprint calculators from WWF, TerraPass (includes a calculator for businesses and events), or the UN, for instance, you will be asked to provide information such as: how you commute to work, what your typical diet is, how much you drive or fly, the size of your household, and the type of electricity the grid provides you.

There are a number of reasons why the answer you obtain will not be flawless or extremely accurate. First, carbon footprint calculators utilise standard figures that are not always accurate for a variety of potential scenarios. For example, if you provide the average number of miles you drive per month, a given reference value for CO2/emissions/mile will be multiplied by your miles and then by 12 months. However, these values are estimates: you may drive more than you told the calculator, and you may drive a 44 truck rather than an SUV, as the algorithm anticipates.

The same is true for your diet: on average, eating meat is quite carbon-polluting, but it also depends on where you purchase it (if it’s purchased locally, there are fewer emissions from shipping) and how birds are fed. Another problem is that these assessments frequently neglect to account for products and services acquired (since it is so difficult to find accurate statistics).

The reality is that the existing consumption model of our civilization is depleting the resources and ecosystems of the planet. Especially the “most fortunate” portion of the population that has more money to spend on consumerism without necessarily being responsible.

This ethical consumption typically entails purchasing goods that adhere to ecological production methods, are carried over small distances, and ensure that the producers receive a fair wage… It is also about travelling in methods that produce fewer CO2 emissions, such as walking, cycling, taking public transportation, or carpooling with three other individuals. All of these factors contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and a smaller carbon impact.

The reality is that it is difficult to find a precise number. Nevertheless, these carbon footprint calculators are the best available, so there is no excuse for not calculating your carbon footprint and attempting to reduce it.

Extract B: Fixing Carbon Footprints

Each of us has a carbon footprint, which is the total quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each day by humans. Numerous activities, including driving a car, flying in an aeroplane, and heating a home, produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide generates pollution; excessive carbon is extremely detrimental. But don’t fret! It is surprisingly simple to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment.

Carbon emissions are produced when humans burn fossil fuels. The majority of an individual’s carbon footprint is caused by transportation and power use. Automobiles consume a great deal of gasoline and emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. And we require electricity for most activities, including cooking, lighting, and entertainment such as watching television. The food at your shop may have travelled a great distance to reach you. Buying, for example, bananas from South America increases your carbon footprint because you are consuming items that require a great deal of fuel to transport. Long showers or baths require a great deal of water, which must be heated and transported using electricity. The average American released over 20 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, which was the largest amount in the world. Since then, we have improved and reduced our emissions, but we still need to do more to be an environmentally responsible nation.

What steps can I take to lessen my carbon footprint? To become a more eco-friendly individual requires only a few adjustments. I am able to select local and organically cultivated items. By selecting locally grown fruits and veggies rather than those from halfway around the world, I will have reduced the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the transportation of produce. When purchasing a car, I can search for a model with lower carbon dioxide emissions and higher miles per gallon, allowing me to consume less gasoline and produce fewer byproducts.

Simple actions such as taking showers instead of baths and turning off the water while brushing my teeth can significantly minimise my carbon footprint. It takes a great deal of energy to purify and transport water, therefore conserving energy is beneficial. In addition to unplugging my laptop and converting to energy-efficient hair dryers and major appliances, I can lower my carbon footprint by unplugging my computer and using energy-efficient hair dryers and large appliances. Putting on a sweatshirt and decreasing the temperature in my home helps. Additionally, if a lightbulb goes out, I can replace it with an energy-efficient alternative. These minor decisions will aid in the greater scheme of things.

As you can see, reducing your carbon footprint is not that difficult. To be ecologically conscious, it is not necessary to discard your computer and live as a hermit in the woods. Simple actions such as disconnecting electronics when not in use and avoiding letting the water run unnecessarily will lower the amount of carbon dioxide you emit. These simple actions can alter the world by lowering air pollution and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

How do the two extracts correlate with each other?

Extract A: What is a Carbon Footprint?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the influence your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to sustain a person’s lifestyle and activities, both directly and indirectly. Carbon footprints are often quantified in equivalent tonnes of CO2 over the course of one year, and they can be attributed to individuals, organisations, products, and events, among others.

Carbon footprints can emerge from the production and consumption of fossil fuels, food, manufactured products, materials, roads, or transportation. And despite their significance, carbon footprints are difficult to determine precisely due to a lack of information regarding the complex interactions between contributing systems – including the impact of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide.

A carbon footprint is an essential tool for understanding the effect of an individual’s actions on global warming. To effectively contribute to halting global warming, at least on an individual level, one must assess and monitor their carbon footprint. And here is when online calculators enter the picture. Using the carbon footprint calculators from WWF, TerraPass (includes a calculator for businesses and events), or the UN, for instance, you will be asked to provide information such as: how you commute to work, what your typical diet is, how much you drive or fly, the size of your household, and the type of electricity the grid provides you.

There are a number of reasons why the answer you obtain will not be flawless or extremely accurate. First, carbon footprint calculators utilise standard figures that are not always accurate for a variety of potential scenarios. For example, if you provide the average number of miles you drive per month, a given reference value for CO2/emissions/mile will be multiplied by your miles and then by 12 months. However, these values are estimates: you may drive more than you told the calculator, and you may drive a 44 truck rather than an SUV, as the algorithm anticipates.

The same is true for your diet: on average, eating meat is quite carbon-polluting, but it also depends on where you purchase it (if it’s purchased locally, there are fewer emissions from shipping) and how birds are fed. Another problem is that these assessments frequently neglect to account for products and services acquired (since it is so difficult to find accurate statistics).

The reality is that the existing consumption model of our civilization is depleting the resources and ecosystems of the planet. Especially the “most fortunate” portion of the population that has more money to spend on consumerism without necessarily being responsible.

This ethical consumption typically entails purchasing goods that adhere to ecological production methods, are carried over small distances, and ensure that the producers receive a fair wage… It is also about travelling in methods that produce fewer CO2 emissions, such as walking, cycling, taking public transportation, or carpooling with three other individuals. All of these factors contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and a smaller carbon impact.

The reality is that it is difficult to find a precise number. Nevertheless, these carbon footprint calculators are the best available, so there is no excuse for not calculating your carbon footprint and attempting to reduce it.

Extract B: Fixing Carbon Footprints

Each of us has a carbon footprint, which is the total quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each day by humans. Numerous activities, including driving a car, flying in an aeroplane, and heating a home, produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide generates pollution; excessive carbon is extremely detrimental. But don’t fret! It is surprisingly simple to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment.

Carbon emissions are produced when humans burn fossil fuels. The majority of an individual’s carbon footprint is caused by transportation and power use. Automobiles consume a great deal of gasoline and emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. And we require electricity for most activities, including cooking, lighting, and entertainment such as watching television. The food at your shop may have travelled a great distance to reach you. Buying, for example, bananas from South America increases your carbon footprint because you are consuming items that require a great deal of fuel to transport. Long showers or baths require a great deal of water, which must be heated and transported using electricity. The average American released over 20 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, which was the largest amount in the world. Since then, we have improved and reduced our emissions, but we still need to do more to be an environmentally responsible nation.

What steps can I take to lessen my carbon footprint? To become a more eco-friendly individual requires only a few adjustments. I am able to select local and organically cultivated items. By selecting locally grown fruits and veggies rather than those from halfway around the world, I will have reduced the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the transportation of produce. When purchasing a car, I can search for a model with lower carbon dioxide emissions and higher miles per gallon, allowing me to consume less gasoline and produce fewer byproducts.

Simple actions such as taking showers instead of baths and turning off the water while brushing my teeth can significantly minimise my carbon footprint. It takes a great deal of energy to purify and transport water, therefore conserving energy is beneficial. In addition to unplugging my laptop and converting to energy-efficient hair dryers and major appliances, I can lower my carbon footprint by unplugging my computer and using energy-efficient hair dryers and large appliances. Putting on a sweatshirt and decreasing the temperature in my home helps. Additionally, if a lightbulb goes out, I can replace it with an energy-efficient alternative. These minor decisions will aid in the greater scheme of things.

As you can see, reducing your carbon footprint is not that difficult. To be ecologically conscious, it is not necessary to discard your computer and live as a hermit in the woods. Simple actions such as disconnecting electronics when not in use and avoiding letting the water run unnecessarily will lower the amount of carbon dioxide you emit. These simple actions can alter the world by lowering air pollution and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Which is NOT mentioned in any of the extracts?

Extract A: What is a Carbon Footprint?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the influence your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to sustain a person’s lifestyle and activities, both directly and indirectly. Carbon footprints are often quantified in equivalent tonnes of CO2 over the course of one year, and they can be attributed to individuals, organisations, products, and events, among others.

Carbon footprints can emerge from the production and consumption of fossil fuels, food, manufactured products, materials, roads, or transportation. And despite their significance, carbon footprints are difficult to determine precisely due to a lack of information regarding the complex interactions between contributing systems – including the impact of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide.

A carbon footprint is an essential tool for understanding the effect of an individual’s actions on global warming. To effectively contribute to halting global warming, at least on an individual level, one must assess and monitor their carbon footprint. And here is when online calculators enter the picture. Using the carbon footprint calculators from WWF, TerraPass (includes a calculator for businesses and events), or the UN, for instance, you will be asked to provide information such as: how you commute to work, what your typical diet is, how much you drive or fly, the size of your household, and the type of electricity the grid provides you.

There are a number of reasons why the answer you obtain will not be flawless or extremely accurate. First, carbon footprint calculators utilise standard figures that are not always accurate for a variety of potential scenarios. For example, if you provide the average number of miles you drive per month, a given reference value for CO2/emissions/mile will be multiplied by your miles and then by 12 months. However, these values are estimates: you may drive more than you told the calculator, and you may drive a 44 truck rather than an SUV, as the algorithm anticipates.

The same is true for your diet: on average, eating meat is quite carbon-polluting, but it also depends on where you purchase it (if it’s purchased locally, there are fewer emissions from shipping) and how birds are fed. Another problem is that these assessments frequently neglect to account for products and services acquired (since it is so difficult to find accurate statistics).

The reality is that the existing consumption model of our civilization is depleting the resources and ecosystems of the planet. Especially the “most fortunate” portion of the population that has more money to spend on consumerism without necessarily being responsible.

This ethical consumption typically entails purchasing goods that adhere to ecological production methods, are carried over small distances, and ensure that the producers receive a fair wage… It is also about travelling in methods that produce fewer CO2 emissions, such as walking, cycling, taking public transportation, or carpooling with three other individuals. All of these factors contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and a smaller carbon impact.

The reality is that it is difficult to find a precise number. Nevertheless, these carbon footprint calculators are the best available, so there is no excuse for not calculating your carbon footprint and attempting to reduce it.

Extract B: Fixing Carbon Footprints

Each of us has a carbon footprint, which is the total quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each day by humans. Numerous activities, including driving a car, flying in an aeroplane, and heating a home, produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide generates pollution; excessive carbon is extremely detrimental. But don’t fret! It is surprisingly simple to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment.

Carbon emissions are produced when humans burn fossil fuels. The majority of an individual’s carbon footprint is caused by transportation and power use. Automobiles consume a great deal of gasoline and emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. And we require electricity for most activities, including cooking, lighting, and entertainment such as watching television. The food at your shop may have travelled a great distance to reach you. Buying, for example, bananas from South America increases your carbon footprint because you are consuming items that require a great deal of fuel to transport. Long showers or baths require a great deal of water, which must be heated and transported using electricity. The average American released over 20 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, which was the largest amount in the world. Since then, we have improved and reduced our emissions, but we still need to do more to be an environmentally responsible nation.

What steps can I take to lessen my carbon footprint? To become a more eco-friendly individual requires only a few adjustments. I am able to select local and organically cultivated items. By selecting locally grown fruits and veggies rather than those from halfway around the world, I will have reduced the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the transportation of produce. When purchasing a car, I can search for a model with lower carbon dioxide emissions and higher miles per gallon, allowing me to consume less gasoline and produce fewer byproducts.

Simple actions such as taking showers instead of baths and turning off the water while brushing my teeth can significantly minimise my carbon footprint. It takes a great deal of energy to purify and transport water, therefore conserving energy is beneficial. In addition to unplugging my laptop and converting to energy-efficient hair dryers and major appliances, I can lower my carbon footprint by unplugging my computer and using energy-efficient hair dryers and large appliances. Putting on a sweatshirt and decreasing the temperature in my home helps. Additionally, if a lightbulb goes out, I can replace it with an energy-efficient alternative. These minor decisions will aid in the greater scheme of things.

As you can see, reducing your carbon footprint is not that difficult. To be ecologically conscious, it is not necessary to discard your computer and live as a hermit in the woods. Simple actions such as disconnecting electronics when not in use and avoiding letting the water run unnecessarily will lower the amount of carbon dioxide you emit. These simple actions can alter the world by lowering air pollution and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

What does the last paragraph of both extracts have in common?

Extract A: What is a Carbon Footprint?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the influence your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) created by the burning of fossil fuels and is expressed in tonnes of CO2 emissions.

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced to sustain a person’s lifestyle and activities, both directly and indirectly. Carbon footprints are often quantified in equivalent tonnes of CO2 over the course of one year, and they can be attributed to individuals, organisations, products, and events, among others.

Carbon footprints can emerge from the production and consumption of fossil fuels, food, manufactured products, materials, roads, or transportation. And despite their significance, carbon footprints are difficult to determine precisely due to a lack of information regarding the complex interactions between contributing systems – including the impact of natural processes that store or release carbon dioxide.

A carbon footprint is an essential tool for understanding the effect of an individual’s actions on global warming. To effectively contribute to halting global warming, at least on an individual level, one must assess and monitor their carbon footprint. And here is when online calculators enter the picture. Using the carbon footprint calculators from WWF, TerraPass (includes a calculator for businesses and events), or the UN, for instance, you will be asked to provide information such as: how you commute to work, what your typical diet is, how much you drive or fly, the size of your household, and the type of electricity the grid provides you.

There are a number of reasons why the answer you obtain will not be flawless or extremely accurate. First, carbon footprint calculators utilise standard figures that are not always accurate for a variety of potential scenarios. For example, if you provide the average number of miles you drive per month, a given reference value for CO2/emissions/mile will be multiplied by your miles and then by 12 months. However, these values are estimates: you may drive more than you told the calculator, and you may drive a 44 truck rather than an SUV, as the algorithm anticipates.

The same is true for your diet: on average, eating meat is quite carbon-polluting, but it also depends on where you purchase it (if it’s purchased locally, there are fewer emissions from shipping) and how birds are fed. Another problem is that these assessments frequently neglect to account for products and services acquired (since it is so difficult to find accurate statistics).

The reality is that the existing consumption model of our civilization is depleting the resources and ecosystems of the planet. Especially the “most fortunate” portion of the population that has more money to spend on consumerism without necessarily being responsible.

This ethical consumption typically entails purchasing goods that adhere to ecological production methods, are carried over small distances, and ensure that the producers receive a fair wage… It is also about travelling in methods that produce fewer CO2 emissions, such as walking, cycling, taking public transportation, or carpooling with three other individuals. All of these factors contribute to a sustainable lifestyle and a smaller carbon impact.

The reality is that it is difficult to find a precise number. Nevertheless, these carbon footprint calculators are the best available, so there is no excuse for not calculating your carbon footprint and attempting to reduce it.

Extract B: Fixing Carbon Footprints

Each of us has a carbon footprint, which is the total quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere each day by humans. Numerous activities, including driving a car, flying in an aeroplane, and heating a home, produce carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide generates pollution; excessive carbon is extremely detrimental. But don’t fret! It is surprisingly simple to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the environment.

Carbon emissions are produced when humans burn fossil fuels. The majority of an individual’s carbon footprint is caused by transportation and power use. Automobiles consume a great deal of gasoline and emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. And we require electricity for most activities, including cooking, lighting, and entertainment such as watching television. The food at your shop may have travelled a great distance to reach you. Buying, for example, bananas from South America increases your carbon footprint because you are consuming items that require a great deal of fuel to transport. Long showers or baths require a great deal of water, which must be heated and transported using electricity. The average American released over 20 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2004, which was the largest amount in the world. Since then, we have improved and reduced our emissions, but we still need to do more to be an environmentally responsible nation.

What steps can I take to lessen my carbon footprint? To become a more eco-friendly individual requires only a few adjustments. I am able to select local and organically cultivated items. By selecting locally grown fruits and veggies rather than those from halfway around the world, I will have reduced the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the transportation of produce. When purchasing a car, I can search for a model with lower carbon dioxide emissions and higher miles per gallon, allowing me to consume less gasoline and produce fewer byproducts.

Simple actions such as taking showers instead of baths and turning off the water while brushing my teeth can significantly minimise my carbon footprint. It takes a great deal of energy to purify and transport water, therefore conserving energy is beneficial. In addition to unplugging my laptop and converting to energy-efficient hair dryers and major appliances, I can lower my carbon footprint by unplugging my computer and using energy-efficient hair dryers and large appliances. Putting on a sweatshirt and decreasing the temperature in my home helps. Additionally, if a lightbulb goes out, I can replace it with an energy-efficient alternative. These minor decisions will aid in the greater scheme of things.

As you can see, reducing your carbon footprint is not that difficult. To be ecologically conscious, it is not necessary to discard your computer and live as a hermit in the woods. Simple actions such as disconnecting electronics when not in use and avoiding letting the water run unnecessarily will lower the amount of carbon dioxide you emit. These simple actions can alter the world by lowering air pollution and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Which is NOT a theme explored in both extracts?

How happy is the little Stone by Emily Dickinson

How happy is the little Stone

That rambles in the Road alone,

And doesn’t care about Careers

And Exigencies never fears

Whose Coat of elemental Brown 5

A passing Universe put on,

And independent as the Sun

Associates or glows alone,

Fulfilling absolute Decree

In casual simplicity 10

Which of the following is NOT a theme explored in the poem?

How happy is the little Stone by Emily Dickinson

How happy is the little Stone

That rambles in the Road alone,

And doesn’t care about Careers

And Exigencies never fears

Whose Coat of elemental Brown 5

A passing Universe put on,

And independent as the Sun

Associates or glows alone,

Fulfilling absolute Decree

In casual simplicity 10

Which of the following states the moral of the poem?

How happy is the little Stone by Emily Dickinson

How happy is the little Stone

That rambles in the Road alone,

And doesn’t care about Careers

And Exigencies never fears

Whose Coat of elemental Brown 5

A passing Universe put on,

And independent as the Sun

Associates or glows alone,

Fulfilling absolute Decree

In casual simplicity 10

What rhyme scheme is observed in the poem?

How happy is the little Stone by Emily Dickinson

How happy is the little Stone

That rambles in the Road alone,

And doesn’t care about Careers

And Exigencies never fears

Whose Coat of elemental Brown 5

A passing Universe put on,

And independent as the Sun

Associates or glows alone,

Fulfilling absolute Decree

In casual simplicity 10

What figurative language is used in the transitions of lines 1, 2, 5 and 6?

How happy is the little Stone by Emily Dickinson

How happy is the little Stone

That rambles in the Road alone,

And doesn’t care about Careers

And Exigencies never fears

Whose Coat of elemental Brown 5

A passing Universe put on,

And independent as the Sun

Associates or glows alone,

Fulfilling absolute Decree

In casual simplicity 10

What figurative language is used in the first word of lines 3, 4 and 7?

How happy is the little Stone by Emily Dickinson

How happy is the little Stone

That rambles in the Road alone,

And doesn’t care about Careers

And Exigencies never fears

Whose Coat of elemental Brown 5

A passing Universe put on,

And independent as the Sun

Associates or glows alone,

Fulfilling absolute Decree

In casual simplicity 10

After reading the poem, you may infer that the stone is a metaphorical representation of?

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra sentence which you do not need to use. 

The Perfect Chocolate Out of Science?

A group at the University of Amsterdam is attempting to utilise physics and geometry to answer some of these concerns and, ideally, to make a more delicious treat. Their creation, a spiral-shaped 3-D printed confectionery, is unlike anything now available in stores. However, it may represent the future of food. “Fortunately, no one in the team disliked chocolate,” says Corentin Coulais, a physicist at the University of Amsterdam who directed the research. Typically, Coulais works with non-food “metamaterials” with non-natural forms and behaviours. 13……………………. However, a relationship with the multinational food and consumer products corporation Unilever prompted him and his team to consider chocolate.

First, the researchers gave the 72 percent cacao dark chocolate a sturdy structure by heating and cooling it with care. 14……………………. Some of the spirals were simple s-shapes, while others resembled labyrinths. The researchers then conducted a series of mechanical tests to determine how the chocolates would shatter when “bitten.” When squeezed from above, the chocolates shattered into countless pieces (especially the more elaborately spiralled ones). Typically, when eaten from the side, they only split once.

Why is this significant? The second phase of the study involved handing the chocolates to a panel of very fortunate human testers. The researchers inquired as to which shapes the participants favoured and why. “The more elaborate the shape, the larger the crack, and the more they appeared to love it,” Coulais explains. It was hardly unexpected that testers preferred the more brittle chocolate. 15……………………. Alan Hirsch, a taste researcher, has referred to these sounds as the “song of mastication.” Some experts suggest that this is because crunchiness is a sign of freshness — for example, fresh apples vs wilted cabbage — and this texture helped our ancestors seek out the most healthy foods.

Obviously, chocolate is not renowned for being healthy. The discovery, however, is part of the larger subject of “edible metamaterials,” which has the potential to produce foods that are more nutritious, easier to consume, or better for the environment. 16……………………. According to Valoppi, the pitch is young but full of promise. Valoppi discusses recent research on morphing pasta, or pasta that transforms from flat to three-dimensional when cooked. “You might imagine that such a form of pasta could help minimise our ecological footprint by decreasing emissions and transportation expenses,” he says. “Flat pasta can be packaged more effectively, and its transformation during cooking will allow us to enjoy it in the shapes we choose.”

According to Coulais, using geometry to modify a food’s mouthfeel could enable researchers to use nutritious foods with minimal carbon footprints to make novel, appetising meat replacements. 17……………………. If it were possible to manage the amount of force required to break a piece of food, it would be possible to create excellent solid foods that are exceedingly easy to bite. Coulais envisions, in a more futuristic manner, a world in which geometry is a tool for personalised meal preparation. Imagine astronauts on the International Space Station printing out foods customised to their requirements and preferences, or soldiers consuming MREs that use edible metamaterials to offer maximum calories in minimum space.

Even more fantastical is the concept of edible holograms, or foods whose surfaces have been engraved to create reflective holographic patterns. This alters the colour of the food and may result in edible nutritional labels. “This can eliminate the requirement for label printing, as the food itself becomes the label,” explains Valoppi. The study of the geometry of breaking has non-food applications as well. Figuring out how to regulate where a material breaks could lead to the development of superior crash helmets and other safety equipment. 18……………………. Imagine a car whose exterior was intended to shatter in a manner that protected the interior.

Coulais hopes to continue his food-related study. Currently, he is constructing a consortium of food companies in order to apply his geometric modelling to food development. The possibilities are nearly infinite.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra sentence which you do not need to use. 

The Perfect Chocolate Out of Science?

A group at the University of Amsterdam is attempting to utilise physics and geometry to answer some of these concerns and, ideally, to make a more delicious treat. Their creation, a spiral-shaped 3-D printed confectionery, is unlike anything now available in stores. However, it may represent the future of food. “Fortunately, no one in the team disliked chocolate,” says Corentin Coulais, a physicist at the University of Amsterdam who directed the research. Typically, Coulais works with non-food “metamaterials” with non-natural forms and behaviours. 13……………………. However, a relationship with the multinational food and consumer products corporation Unilever prompted him and his team to consider chocolate.

First, the researchers gave the 72 percent cacao dark chocolate a sturdy structure by heating and cooling it with care. 14……………………. Some of the spirals were simple s-shapes, while others resembled labyrinths. The researchers then conducted a series of mechanical tests to determine how the chocolates would shatter when “bitten.” When squeezed from above, the chocolates shattered into countless pieces (especially the more elaborately spiralled ones). Typically, when eaten from the side, they only split once.

Why is this significant? The second phase of the study involved handing the chocolates to a panel of very fortunate human testers. The researchers inquired as to which shapes the participants favoured and why. “The more elaborate the shape, the larger the crack, and the more they appeared to love it,” Coulais explains. It was hardly unexpected that testers preferred the more brittle chocolate. 15……………………. Alan Hirsch, a taste researcher, has referred to these sounds as the “song of mastication.” Some experts suggest that this is because crunchiness is a sign of freshness — for example, fresh apples vs wilted cabbage — and this texture helped our ancestors seek out the most healthy foods.

Obviously, chocolate is not renowned for being healthy. The discovery, however, is part of the larger subject of “edible metamaterials,” which has the potential to produce foods that are more nutritious, easier to consume, or better for the environment. 16……………………. According to Valoppi, the pitch is young but full of promise. Valoppi discusses recent research on morphing pasta, or pasta that transforms from flat to three-dimensional when cooked. “You might imagine that such a form of pasta could help minimise our ecological footprint by decreasing emissions and transportation expenses,” he says. “Flat pasta can be packaged more effectively, and its transformation during cooking will allow us to enjoy it in the shapes we choose.”

According to Coulais, using geometry to modify a food’s mouthfeel could enable researchers to use nutritious foods with minimal carbon footprints to make novel, appetising meat replacements. 17……………………. If it were possible to manage the amount of force required to break a piece of food, it would be possible to create excellent solid foods that are exceedingly easy to bite. Coulais envisions, in a more futuristic manner, a world in which geometry is a tool for personalised meal preparation. Imagine astronauts on the International Space Station printing out foods customised to their requirements and preferences, or soldiers consuming MREs that use edible metamaterials to offer maximum calories in minimum space.

Even more fantastical is the concept of edible holograms, or foods whose surfaces have been engraved to create reflective holographic patterns. This alters the colour of the food and may result in edible nutritional labels. “This can eliminate the requirement for label printing, as the food itself becomes the label,” explains Valoppi. The study of the geometry of breaking has non-food applications as well. Figuring out how to regulate where a material breaks could lead to the development of superior crash helmets and other safety equipment. 18……………………. Imagine a car whose exterior was intended to shatter in a manner that protected the interior.

Coulais hopes to continue his food-related study. Currently, he is constructing a consortium of food companies in order to apply his geometric modelling to food development. The possibilities are nearly infinite.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra sentence which you do not need to use. 

The Perfect Chocolate Out of Science?

A group at the University of Amsterdam is attempting to utilise physics and geometry to answer some of these concerns and, ideally, to make a more delicious treat. Their creation, a spiral-shaped 3-D printed confectionery, is unlike anything now available in stores. However, it may represent the future of food. “Fortunately, no one in the team disliked chocolate,” says Corentin Coulais, a physicist at the University of Amsterdam who directed the research. Typically, Coulais works with non-food “metamaterials” with non-natural forms and behaviours. 13……………………. However, a relationship with the multinational food and consumer products corporation Unilever prompted him and his team to consider chocolate.

First, the researchers gave the 72 percent cacao dark chocolate a sturdy structure by heating and cooling it with care. 14……………………. Some of the spirals were simple s-shapes, while others resembled labyrinths. The researchers then conducted a series of mechanical tests to determine how the chocolates would shatter when “bitten.” When squeezed from above, the chocolates shattered into countless pieces (especially the more elaborately spiralled ones). Typically, when eaten from the side, they only split once.

Why is this significant? The second phase of the study involved handing the chocolates to a panel of very fortunate human testers. The researchers inquired as to which shapes the participants favoured and why. “The more elaborate the shape, the larger the crack, and the more they appeared to love it,” Coulais explains. It was hardly unexpected that testers preferred the more brittle chocolate. 15……………………. Alan Hirsch, a taste researcher, has referred to these sounds as the “song of mastication.” Some experts suggest that this is because crunchiness is a sign of freshness — for example, fresh apples vs wilted cabbage — and this texture helped our ancestors seek out the most healthy foods.

Obviously, chocolate is not renowned for being healthy. The discovery, however, is part of the larger subject of “edible metamaterials,” which has the potential to produce foods that are more nutritious, easier to consume, or better for the environment. 16……………………. According to Valoppi, the pitch is young but full of promise. Valoppi discusses recent research on morphing pasta, or pasta that transforms from flat to three-dimensional when cooked. “You might imagine that such a form of pasta could help minimise our ecological footprint by decreasing emissions and transportation expenses,” he says. “Flat pasta can be packaged more effectively, and its transformation during cooking will allow us to enjoy it in the shapes we choose.”

According to Coulais, using geometry to modify a food’s mouthfeel could enable researchers to use nutritious foods with minimal carbon footprints to make novel, appetising meat replacements. 17……………………. If it were possible to manage the amount of force required to break a piece of food, it would be possible to create excellent solid foods that are exceedingly easy to bite. Coulais envisions, in a more futuristic manner, a world in which geometry is a tool for personalised meal preparation. Imagine astronauts on the International Space Station printing out foods customised to their requirements and preferences, or soldiers consuming MREs that use edible metamaterials to offer maximum calories in minimum space.

Even more fantastical is the concept of edible holograms, or foods whose surfaces have been engraved to create reflective holographic patterns. This alters the colour of the food and may result in edible nutritional labels. “This can eliminate the requirement for label printing, as the food itself becomes the label,” explains Valoppi. The study of the geometry of breaking has non-food applications as well. Figuring out how to regulate where a material breaks could lead to the development of superior crash helmets and other safety equipment. 18……………………. Imagine a car whose exterior was intended to shatter in a manner that protected the interior.

Coulais hopes to continue his food-related study. Currently, he is constructing a consortium of food companies in order to apply his geometric modelling to food development. The possibilities are nearly infinite.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra sentence which you do not need to use. 

The Perfect Chocolate Out of Science?

A group at the University of Amsterdam is attempting to utilise physics and geometry to answer some of these concerns and, ideally, to make a more delicious treat. Their creation, a spiral-shaped 3-D printed confectionery, is unlike anything now available in stores. However, it may represent the future of food. “Fortunately, no one in the team disliked chocolate,” says Corentin Coulais, a physicist at the University of Amsterdam who directed the research. Typically, Coulais works with non-food “metamaterials” with non-natural forms and behaviours. 13……………………. However, a relationship with the multinational food and consumer products corporation Unilever prompted him and his team to consider chocolate.

First, the researchers gave the 72 percent cacao dark chocolate a sturdy structure by heating and cooling it with care. 14……………………. Some of the spirals were simple s-shapes, while others resembled labyrinths. The researchers then conducted a series of mechanical tests to determine how the chocolates would shatter when “bitten.” When squeezed from above, the chocolates shattered into countless pieces (especially the more elaborately spiralled ones). Typically, when eaten from the side, they only split once.

Why is this significant? The second phase of the study involved handing the chocolates to a panel of very fortunate human testers. The researchers inquired as to which shapes the participants favoured and why. “The more elaborate the shape, the larger the crack, and the more they appeared to love it,” Coulais explains. It was hardly unexpected that testers preferred the more brittle chocolate. 15……………………. Alan Hirsch, a taste researcher, has referred to these sounds as the “song of mastication.” Some experts suggest that this is because crunchiness is a sign of freshness — for example, fresh apples vs wilted cabbage — and this texture helped our ancestors seek out the most healthy foods.

Obviously, chocolate is not renowned for being healthy. The discovery, however, is part of the larger subject of “edible metamaterials,” which has the potential to produce foods that are more nutritious, easier to consume, or better for the environment. 16……………………. According to Valoppi, the pitch is young but full of promise. Valoppi discusses recent research on morphing pasta, or pasta that transforms from flat to three-dimensional when cooked. “You might imagine that such a form of pasta could help minimise our ecological footprint by decreasing emissions and transportation expenses,” he says. “Flat pasta can be packaged more effectively, and its transformation during cooking will allow us to enjoy it in the shapes we choose.”

According to Coulais, using geometry to modify a food’s mouthfeel could enable researchers to use nutritious foods with minimal carbon footprints to make novel, appetising meat replacements. 17……………………. If it were possible to manage the amount of force required to break a piece of food, it would be possible to create excellent solid foods that are exceedingly easy to bite. Coulais envisions, in a more futuristic manner, a world in which geometry is a tool for personalised meal preparation. Imagine astronauts on the International Space Station printing out foods customised to their requirements and preferences, or soldiers consuming MREs that use edible metamaterials to offer maximum calories in minimum space.

Even more fantastical is the concept of edible holograms, or foods whose surfaces have been engraved to create reflective holographic patterns. This alters the colour of the food and may result in edible nutritional labels. “This can eliminate the requirement for label printing, as the food itself becomes the label,” explains Valoppi. The study of the geometry of breaking has non-food applications as well. Figuring out how to regulate where a material breaks could lead to the development of superior crash helmets and other safety equipment. 18……………………. Imagine a car whose exterior was intended to shatter in a manner that protected the interior.

Coulais hopes to continue his food-related study. Currently, he is constructing a consortium of food companies in order to apply his geometric modelling to food development. The possibilities are nearly infinite.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra sentence which you do not need to use. 

The Perfect Chocolate Out of Science?

A group at the University of Amsterdam is attempting to utilise physics and geometry to answer some of these concerns and, ideally, to make a more delicious treat. Their creation, a spiral-shaped 3-D printed confectionery, is unlike anything now available in stores. However, it may represent the future of food. “Fortunately, no one in the team disliked chocolate,” says Corentin Coulais, a physicist at the University of Amsterdam who directed the research. Typically, Coulais works with non-food “metamaterials” with non-natural forms and behaviours. 13……………………. However, a relationship with the multinational food and consumer products corporation Unilever prompted him and his team to consider chocolate.

First, the researchers gave the 72 percent cacao dark chocolate a sturdy structure by heating and cooling it with care. 14……………………. Some of the spirals were simple s-shapes, while others resembled labyrinths. The researchers then conducted a series of mechanical tests to determine how the chocolates would shatter when “bitten.” When squeezed from above, the chocolates shattered into countless pieces (especially the more elaborately spiralled ones). Typically, when eaten from the side, they only split once.

Why is this significant? The second phase of the study involved handing the chocolates to a panel of very fortunate human testers. The researchers inquired as to which shapes the participants favoured and why. “The more elaborate the shape, the larger the crack, and the more they appeared to love it,” Coulais explains. It was hardly unexpected that testers preferred the more brittle chocolate. 15……………………. Alan Hirsch, a taste researcher, has referred to these sounds as the “song of mastication.” Some experts suggest that this is because crunchiness is a sign of freshness — for example, fresh apples vs wilted cabbage — and this texture helped our ancestors seek out the most healthy foods.

Obviously, chocolate is not renowned for being healthy. The discovery, however, is part of the larger subject of “edible metamaterials,” which has the potential to produce foods that are more nutritious, easier to consume, or better for the environment. 16……………………. According to Valoppi, the pitch is young but full of promise. Valoppi discusses recent research on morphing pasta, or pasta that transforms from flat to three-dimensional when cooked. “You might imagine that such a form of pasta could help minimise our ecological footprint by decreasing emissions and transportation expenses,” he says. “Flat pasta can be packaged more effectively, and its transformation during cooking will allow us to enjoy it in the shapes we choose.”

According to Coulais, using geometry to modify a food’s mouthfeel could enable researchers to use nutritious foods with minimal carbon footprints to make novel, appetising meat replacements. 17……………………. If it were possible to manage the amount of force required to break a piece of food, it would be possible to create excellent solid foods that are exceedingly easy to bite. Coulais envisions, in a more futuristic manner, a world in which geometry is a tool for personalised meal preparation. Imagine astronauts on the International Space Station printing out foods customised to their requirements and preferences, or soldiers consuming MREs that use edible metamaterials to offer maximum calories in minimum space.

Even more fantastical is the concept of edible holograms, or foods whose surfaces have been engraved to create reflective holographic patterns. This alters the colour of the food and may result in edible nutritional labels. “This can eliminate the requirement for label printing, as the food itself becomes the label,” explains Valoppi. The study of the geometry of breaking has non-food applications as well. Figuring out how to regulate where a material breaks could lead to the development of superior crash helmets and other safety equipment. 18……………………. Imagine a car whose exterior was intended to shatter in a manner that protected the interior.

Coulais hopes to continue his food-related study. Currently, he is constructing a consortium of food companies in order to apply his geometric modelling to food development. The possibilities are nearly infinite.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra sentence which you do not need to use. 

The Perfect Chocolate Out of Science?

A group at the University of Amsterdam is attempting to utilise physics and geometry to answer some of these concerns and, ideally, to make a more delicious treat. Their creation, a spiral-shaped 3-D printed confectionery, is unlike anything now available in stores. However, it may represent the future of food. “Fortunately, no one in the team disliked chocolate,” says Corentin Coulais, a physicist at the University of Amsterdam who directed the research. Typically, Coulais works with non-food “metamaterials” with non-natural forms and behaviours. 13……………………. However, a relationship with the multinational food and consumer products corporation Unilever prompted him and his team to consider chocolate.

First, the researchers gave the 72 percent cacao dark chocolate a sturdy structure by heating and cooling it with care. 14……………………. Some of the spirals were simple s-shapes, while others resembled labyrinths. The researchers then conducted a series of mechanical tests to determine how the chocolates would shatter when “bitten.” When squeezed from above, the chocolates shattered into countless pieces (especially the more elaborately spiralled ones). Typically, when eaten from the side, they only split once.

Why is this significant? The second phase of the study involved handing the chocolates to a panel of very fortunate human testers. The researchers inquired as to which shapes the participants favoured and why. “The more elaborate the shape, the larger the crack, and the more they appeared to love it,” Coulais explains. It was hardly unexpected that testers preferred the more brittle chocolate. 15……………………. Alan Hirsch, a taste researcher, has referred to these sounds as the “song of mastication.” Some experts suggest that this is because crunchiness is a sign of freshness — for example, fresh apples vs wilted cabbage — and this texture helped our ancestors seek out the most healthy foods.

Obviously, chocolate is not renowned for being healthy. The discovery, however, is part of the larger subject of “edible metamaterials,” which has the potential to produce foods that are more nutritious, easier to consume, or better for the environment. 16……………………. According to Valoppi, the pitch is young but full of promise. Valoppi discusses recent research on morphing pasta, or pasta that transforms from flat to three-dimensional when cooked. “You might imagine that such a form of pasta could help minimise our ecological footprint by decreasing emissions and transportation expenses,” he says. “Flat pasta can be packaged more effectively, and its transformation during cooking will allow us to enjoy it in the shapes we choose.”

According to Coulais, using geometry to modify a food’s mouthfeel could enable researchers to use nutritious foods with minimal carbon footprints to make novel, appetising meat replacements. 17……………………. If it were possible to manage the amount of force required to break a piece of food, it would be possible to create excellent solid foods that are exceedingly easy to bite. Coulais envisions, in a more futuristic manner, a world in which geometry is a tool for personalised meal preparation. Imagine astronauts on the International Space Station printing out foods customised to their requirements and preferences, or soldiers consuming MREs that use edible metamaterials to offer maximum calories in minimum space.

Even more fantastical is the concept of edible holograms, or foods whose surfaces have been engraved to create reflective holographic patterns. This alters the colour of the food and may result in edible nutritional labels. “This can eliminate the requirement for label printing, as the food itself becomes the label,” explains Valoppi. The study of the geometry of breaking has non-food applications as well. Figuring out how to regulate where a material breaks could lead to the development of superior crash helmets and other safety equipment. 18……………………. Imagine a car whose exterior was intended to shatter in a manner that protected the interior.

Coulais hopes to continue his food-related study. Currently, he is constructing a consortium of food companies in order to apply his geometric modelling to food development. The possibilities are nearly infinite.

Which extract mentions about a type of glass that does not require the method of going through high temperatures, but still needs to be tempered in the end stages of its production?

Which extract mentions about a type of glass that is duly renowned for its secure and dependable capabilities – which are also considered as its strong advantages against other types of glass?

Which extract mentions about a predominant type of glass that applies a swift application of air on its external and internal surfaces as its method of chilling?

Which extract mentions about a very strong and sturdy type of glass that has an amplified mechanical power due to the method employed upon toughening it?

Which extract mentions about a type of glass that would less likely cause severe wounds because when smashed, it produces little four-sided pieces of glass instead of long, fatal ones?

Which extract mentions about a type of glass that is not conventionally utilised for handrails because of its sub-standard potency?

Pairing Chili with Cinnamon Rolls?

I recently dined at LeDoux Saloon in Sheridan, Wyoming, with two Wyomingites, two Seattleites, a New Yorker, and a Midwesterner. We were discussing the various sauces that accompanied our chicken wings as an appetiser when the conversation suddenly became strange. Several of us ordered dishes with a side of “cowboy beans,” which consisted of pinto beans and ground beef marinated in cinnamon honey whiskey. As they approached our table, Piper Singer, who works for the Wyoming tourism office, inquired, “Has anyone ever tasted chilli and cinnamon rolls?” The Pittsburgh transplant’s jaw nearly touched the ground, and he displayed an expression of absolute contempt. “I believe that was the beginning of a downward spiral,” Singer remarked later with a giggle.

It turns out that chilli and cinnamon rolls are a popular combination in areas of the Midwest and western states such as Wyoming and Washington. However, for some who have never heard of or tried this cherished meal combination, the mere notion of offering these two products together can be as divisive as putting pineapple on pizza or ketchup on hot dogs. According to Darcy Dougherty Maulsby, a native of western Iowa and author of A Culinary History of Iowa: Sweet Corn, Pork Tenderloins, Maid-Rites & More, “some folks are absolutely shocked when I talk about it.” Maulsby grew up with the unorthodox pairing. She states, “My Minnesotan friend compares it to eating birthday cake and scrambled eggs combined.” However, for Maulsby, Singer, and other diehard fans, the appeal of this sweet and savoury pairing is undeniable: huge, doughy cinnamon rolls (either topped with thick, white frosting or swirled with caramel throughout) served alongside hearty bowls of traditional red chilli filled with tomatoes, kidney beans, and ground meat.

However, no one truly knows when or where this culinary combination originated. Some claim that the dish originated in logging camps at the turn of the 20th century, when hard-working loggers required high-calorie, filling meals. Most others list chilli and cinnamon buns as once-essential school lunch programme components. This includes Doug Wordell, a certified dietician and director of nutrition services for Spokane Public Schools in Washington, and a Spokane native who attended school in the 1970s and 1980s. Wordell recalls most vividly the aromas of cinnamon and fresh bread coming from the school cafeteria, which can still send his heart racing. He states, “It’s a lovely memory.” As a hungry, skinny young runner with a single mother raising four children, those warm school lunches were quite essential to me.

While some school cafeterias have eliminated the dish for nutritional reasons, replacing high-saturated-fat foods like cinnamon rolls with healthier, nutrient-rich alternatives, the chilli and cinnamon roll combination can still be found on the menus of restaurants in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Lincoln, Nebraska. Runza, a renowned Midwestern fast-food company founded in Nebraska in the late 1940s, serves the combination as a combo meal with a medium-sized Pepsi. In Sheridan, where my chilli-and-cinnamon-roll obsession originated, Uptown Shabby Shack Eatery & Catering periodically serves the meal as a special, placing their frosted cinnamon bun directly on the chilli bowl.

It all depends on where you grew up as to how to eat the unique combination. Singer herself is a dipper, using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli; Maulsby eats the chilli first, the cinnamon roll second. Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence. Even though the Spokane school system has recently moved to offer chilli with cornbread (“We leaned more toward healthy foods and sought to decrease those sweet treat views,” says Wordell), Wordell is already daydreaming about the combination’s sweet-savoury deliciousness. “It’s one of those childhood recollections that, when I returned here 24 years ago as the director, I thought, ‘There it is!’ Now I believe it should return to our menus,” he explains.

What is the tone of the writer in the article?

Pairing Chili with Cinnamon Rolls?

I recently dined at LeDoux Saloon in Sheridan, Wyoming, with two Wyomingites, two Seattleites, a New Yorker, and a Midwesterner. We were discussing the various sauces that accompanied our chicken wings as an appetiser when the conversation suddenly became strange. Several of us ordered dishes with a side of “cowboy beans,” which consisted of pinto beans and ground beef marinated in cinnamon honey whiskey. As they approached our table, Piper Singer, who works for the Wyoming tourism office, inquired, “Has anyone ever tasted chilli and cinnamon rolls?” The Pittsburgh transplant’s jaw nearly touched the ground, and he displayed an expression of absolute contempt. “I believe that was the beginning of a downward spiral,” Singer remarked later with a giggle.

It turns out that chilli and cinnamon rolls are a popular combination in areas of the Midwest and western states such as Wyoming and Washington. However, for some who have never heard of or tried this cherished meal combination, the mere notion of offering these two products together can be as divisive as putting pineapple on pizza or ketchup on hot dogs. According to Darcy Dougherty Maulsby, a native of western Iowa and author of A Culinary History of Iowa: Sweet Corn, Pork Tenderloins, Maid-Rites & More, “some folks are absolutely shocked when I talk about it.” Maulsby grew up with the unorthodox pairing. She states, “My Minnesotan friend compares it to eating birthday cake and scrambled eggs combined.” However, for Maulsby, Singer, and other diehard fans, the appeal of this sweet and savoury pairing is undeniable: huge, doughy cinnamon rolls (either topped with thick, white frosting or swirled with caramel throughout) served alongside hearty bowls of traditional red chilli filled with tomatoes, kidney beans, and ground meat.

However, no one truly knows when or where this culinary combination originated. Some claim that the dish originated in logging camps at the turn of the 20th century, when hard-working loggers required high-calorie, filling meals. Most others list chilli and cinnamon buns as once-essential school lunch programme components. This includes Doug Wordell, a certified dietician and director of nutrition services for Spokane Public Schools in Washington, and a Spokane native who attended school in the 1970s and 1980s. Wordell recalls most vividly the aromas of cinnamon and fresh bread coming from the school cafeteria, which can still send his heart racing. He states, “It’s a lovely memory.” As a hungry, skinny young runner with a single mother raising four children, those warm school lunches were quite essential to me.

While some school cafeterias have eliminated the dish for nutritional reasons, replacing high-saturated-fat foods like cinnamon rolls with healthier, nutrient-rich alternatives, the chilli and cinnamon roll combination can still be found on the menus of restaurants in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Lincoln, Nebraska. Runza, a renowned Midwestern fast-food company founded in Nebraska in the late 1940s, serves the combination as a combo meal with a medium-sized Pepsi. In Sheridan, where my chilli-and-cinnamon-roll obsession originated, Uptown Shabby Shack Eatery & Catering periodically serves the meal as a special, placing their frosted cinnamon bun directly on the chilli bowl.

It all depends on where you grew up as to how to eat the unique combination. Singer herself is a dipper, using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli; Maulsby eats the chilli first, the cinnamon roll second. Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence. Even though the Spokane school system has recently moved to offer chilli with cornbread (“We leaned more toward healthy foods and sought to decrease those sweet treat views,” says Wordell), Wordell is already daydreaming about the combination’s sweet-savoury deliciousness. “It’s one of those childhood recollections that, when I returned here 24 years ago as the director, I thought, ‘There it is!’ Now I believe it should return to our menus,” he explains.

In the first paragraph, why did the writer’s conversation with her colleagues start to become strange?

Pairing Chili with Cinnamon Rolls?

I recently dined at LeDoux Saloon in Sheridan, Wyoming, with two Wyomingites, two Seattleites, a New Yorker, and a Midwesterner. We were discussing the various sauces that accompanied our chicken wings as an appetiser when the conversation suddenly became strange. Several of us ordered dishes with a side of “cowboy beans,” which consisted of pinto beans and ground beef marinated in cinnamon honey whiskey. As they approached our table, Piper Singer, who works for the Wyoming tourism office, inquired, “Has anyone ever tasted chilli and cinnamon rolls?” The Pittsburgh transplant’s jaw nearly touched the ground, and he displayed an expression of absolute contempt. “I believe that was the beginning of a downward spiral,” Singer remarked later with a giggle.

It turns out that chilli and cinnamon rolls are a popular combination in areas of the Midwest and western states such as Wyoming and Washington. However, for some who have never heard of or tried this cherished meal combination, the mere notion of offering these two products together can be as divisive as putting pineapple on pizza or ketchup on hot dogs. According to Darcy Dougherty Maulsby, a native of western Iowa and author of A Culinary History of Iowa: Sweet Corn, Pork Tenderloins, Maid-Rites & More, “some folks are absolutely shocked when I talk about it.” Maulsby grew up with the unorthodox pairing. She states, “My Minnesotan friend compares it to eating birthday cake and scrambled eggs combined.” However, for Maulsby, Singer, and other diehard fans, the appeal of this sweet and savoury pairing is undeniable: huge, doughy cinnamon rolls (either topped with thick, white frosting or swirled with caramel throughout) served alongside hearty bowls of traditional red chilli filled with tomatoes, kidney beans, and ground meat.

However, no one truly knows when or where this culinary combination originated. Some claim that the dish originated in logging camps at the turn of the 20th century, when hard-working loggers required high-calorie, filling meals. Most others list chilli and cinnamon buns as once-essential school lunch programme components. This includes Doug Wordell, a certified dietician and director of nutrition services for Spokane Public Schools in Washington, and a Spokane native who attended school in the 1970s and 1980s. Wordell recalls most vividly the aromas of cinnamon and fresh bread coming from the school cafeteria, which can still send his heart racing. He states, “It’s a lovely memory.” As a hungry, skinny young runner with a single mother raising four children, those warm school lunches were quite essential to me.

While some school cafeterias have eliminated the dish for nutritional reasons, replacing high-saturated-fat foods like cinnamon rolls with healthier, nutrient-rich alternatives, the chilli and cinnamon roll combination can still be found on the menus of restaurants in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Lincoln, Nebraska. Runza, a renowned Midwestern fast-food company founded in Nebraska in the late 1940s, serves the combination as a combo meal with a medium-sized Pepsi. In Sheridan, where my chilli-and-cinnamon-roll obsession originated, Uptown Shabby Shack Eatery & Catering periodically serves the meal as a special, placing their frosted cinnamon bun directly on the chilli bowl.

It all depends on where you grew up as to how to eat the unique combination. Singer herself is a dipper, using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli; Maulsby eats the chilli first, the cinnamon roll second. Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence. Even though the Spokane school system has recently moved to offer chilli with cornbread (“We leaned more toward healthy foods and sought to decrease those sweet treat views,” says Wordell), Wordell is already daydreaming about the combination’s sweet-savoury deliciousness. “It’s one of those childhood recollections that, when I returned here 24 years ago as the director, I thought, ‘There it is!’ Now I believe it should return to our menus,” he explains.

What type of claim is taken from the line, “Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence”?

Pairing Chili with Cinnamon Rolls?

I recently dined at LeDoux Saloon in Sheridan, Wyoming, with two Wyomingites, two Seattleites, a New Yorker, and a Midwesterner. We were discussing the various sauces that accompanied our chicken wings as an appetiser when the conversation suddenly became strange. Several of us ordered dishes with a side of “cowboy beans,” which consisted of pinto beans and ground beef marinated in cinnamon honey whiskey. As they approached our table, Piper Singer, who works for the Wyoming tourism office, inquired, “Has anyone ever tasted chilli and cinnamon rolls?” The Pittsburgh transplant’s jaw nearly touched the ground, and he displayed an expression of absolute contempt. “I believe that was the beginning of a downward spiral,” Singer remarked later with a giggle.

It turns out that chilli and cinnamon rolls are a popular combination in areas of the Midwest and western states such as Wyoming and Washington. However, for some who have never heard of or tried this cherished meal combination, the mere notion of offering these two products together can be as divisive as putting pineapple on pizza or ketchup on hot dogs. According to Darcy Dougherty Maulsby, a native of western Iowa and author of A Culinary History of Iowa: Sweet Corn, Pork Tenderloins, Maid-Rites & More, “some folks are absolutely shocked when I talk about it.” Maulsby grew up with the unorthodox pairing. She states, “My Minnesotan friend compares it to eating birthday cake and scrambled eggs combined.” However, for Maulsby, Singer, and other diehard fans, the appeal of this sweet and savoury pairing is undeniable: huge, doughy cinnamon rolls (either topped with thick, white frosting or swirled with caramel throughout) served alongside hearty bowls of traditional red chilli filled with tomatoes, kidney beans, and ground meat.

However, no one truly knows when or where this culinary combination originated. Some claim that the dish originated in logging camps at the turn of the 20th century, when hard-working loggers required high-calorie, filling meals. Most others list chilli and cinnamon buns as once-essential school lunch programme components. This includes Doug Wordell, a certified dietician and director of nutrition services for Spokane Public Schools in Washington, and a Spokane native who attended school in the 1970s and 1980s. Wordell recalls most vividly the aromas of cinnamon and fresh bread coming from the school cafeteria, which can still send his heart racing. He states, “It’s a lovely memory.” As a hungry, skinny young runner with a single mother raising four children, those warm school lunches were quite essential to me.

While some school cafeterias have eliminated the dish for nutritional reasons, replacing high-saturated-fat foods like cinnamon rolls with healthier, nutrient-rich alternatives, the chilli and cinnamon roll combination can still be found on the menus of restaurants in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Lincoln, Nebraska. Runza, a renowned Midwestern fast-food company founded in Nebraska in the late 1940s, serves the combination as a combo meal with a medium-sized Pepsi. In Sheridan, where my chilli-and-cinnamon-roll obsession originated, Uptown Shabby Shack Eatery & Catering periodically serves the meal as a special, placing their frosted cinnamon bun directly on the chilli bowl.

It all depends on where you grew up as to how to eat the unique combination. Singer herself is a dipper, using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli; Maulsby eats the chilli first, the cinnamon roll second. Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence. Even though the Spokane school system has recently moved to offer chilli with cornbread (“We leaned more toward healthy foods and sought to decrease those sweet treat views,” says Wordell), Wordell is already daydreaming about the combination’s sweet-savoury deliciousness. “It’s one of those childhood recollections that, when I returned here 24 years ago as the director, I thought, ‘There it is!’ Now I believe it should return to our menus,” he explains.

Identify the type of imagery the author used in the line, “using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli.”

Pairing Chili with Cinnamon Rolls?

I recently dined at LeDoux Saloon in Sheridan, Wyoming, with two Wyomingites, two Seattleites, a New Yorker, and a Midwesterner. We were discussing the various sauces that accompanied our chicken wings as an appetiser when the conversation suddenly became strange. Several of us ordered dishes with a side of “cowboy beans,” which consisted of pinto beans and ground beef marinated in cinnamon honey whiskey. As they approached our table, Piper Singer, who works for the Wyoming tourism office, inquired, “Has anyone ever tasted chilli and cinnamon rolls?” The Pittsburgh transplant’s jaw nearly touched the ground, and he displayed an expression of absolute contempt. “I believe that was the beginning of a downward spiral,” Singer remarked later with a giggle.

It turns out that chilli and cinnamon rolls are a popular combination in areas of the Midwest and western states such as Wyoming and Washington. However, for some who have never heard of or tried this cherished meal combination, the mere notion of offering these two products together can be as divisive as putting pineapple on pizza or ketchup on hot dogs. According to Darcy Dougherty Maulsby, a native of western Iowa and author of A Culinary History of Iowa: Sweet Corn, Pork Tenderloins, Maid-Rites & More, “some folks are absolutely shocked when I talk about it.” Maulsby grew up with the unorthodox pairing. She states, “My Minnesotan friend compares it to eating birthday cake and scrambled eggs combined.” However, for Maulsby, Singer, and other diehard fans, the appeal of this sweet and savoury pairing is undeniable: huge, doughy cinnamon rolls (either topped with thick, white frosting or swirled with caramel throughout) served alongside hearty bowls of traditional red chilli filled with tomatoes, kidney beans, and ground meat.

However, no one truly knows when or where this culinary combination originated. Some claim that the dish originated in logging camps at the turn of the 20th century, when hard-working loggers required high-calorie, filling meals. Most others list chilli and cinnamon buns as once-essential school lunch programme components. This includes Doug Wordell, a certified dietician and director of nutrition services for Spokane Public Schools in Washington, and a Spokane native who attended school in the 1970s and 1980s. Wordell recalls most vividly the aromas of cinnamon and fresh bread coming from the school cafeteria, which can still send his heart racing. He states, “It’s a lovely memory.” As a hungry, skinny young runner with a single mother raising four children, those warm school lunches were quite essential to me.

While some school cafeterias have eliminated the dish for nutritional reasons, replacing high-saturated-fat foods like cinnamon rolls with healthier, nutrient-rich alternatives, the chilli and cinnamon roll combination can still be found on the menus of restaurants in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Lincoln, Nebraska. Runza, a renowned Midwestern fast-food company founded in Nebraska in the late 1940s, serves the combination as a combo meal with a medium-sized Pepsi. In Sheridan, where my chilli-and-cinnamon-roll obsession originated, Uptown Shabby Shack Eatery & Catering periodically serves the meal as a special, placing their frosted cinnamon bun directly on the chilli bowl.

It all depends on where you grew up as to how to eat the unique combination. Singer herself is a dipper, using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli; Maulsby eats the chilli first, the cinnamon roll second. Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence. Even though the Spokane school system has recently moved to offer chilli with cornbread (“We leaned more toward healthy foods and sought to decrease those sweet treat views,” says Wordell), Wordell is already daydreaming about the combination’s sweet-savoury deliciousness. “It’s one of those childhood recollections that, when I returned here 24 years ago as the director, I thought, ‘There it is!’ Now I believe it should return to our menus,” he explains.

According to the article, when and where did the combination of chilli and cinnamon rolls originate?

Pairing Chili with Cinnamon Rolls?

I recently dined at LeDoux Saloon in Sheridan, Wyoming, with two Wyomingites, two Seattleites, a New Yorker, and a Midwesterner. We were discussing the various sauces that accompanied our chicken wings as an appetiser when the conversation suddenly became strange. Several of us ordered dishes with a side of “cowboy beans,” which consisted of pinto beans and ground beef marinated in cinnamon honey whiskey. As they approached our table, Piper Singer, who works for the Wyoming tourism office, inquired, “Has anyone ever tasted chilli and cinnamon rolls?” The Pittsburgh transplant’s jaw nearly touched the ground, and he displayed an expression of absolute contempt. “I believe that was the beginning of a downward spiral,” Singer remarked later with a giggle.

It turns out that chilli and cinnamon rolls are a popular combination in areas of the Midwest and western states such as Wyoming and Washington. However, for some who have never heard of or tried this cherished meal combination, the mere notion of offering these two products together can be as divisive as putting pineapple on pizza or ketchup on hot dogs. According to Darcy Dougherty Maulsby, a native of western Iowa and author of A Culinary History of Iowa: Sweet Corn, Pork Tenderloins, Maid-Rites & More, “some folks are absolutely shocked when I talk about it.” Maulsby grew up with the unorthodox pairing. She states, “My Minnesotan friend compares it to eating birthday cake and scrambled eggs combined.” However, for Maulsby, Singer, and other diehard fans, the appeal of this sweet and savoury pairing is undeniable: huge, doughy cinnamon rolls (either topped with thick, white frosting or swirled with caramel throughout) served alongside hearty bowls of traditional red chilli filled with tomatoes, kidney beans, and ground meat.

However, no one truly knows when or where this culinary combination originated. Some claim that the dish originated in logging camps at the turn of the 20th century, when hard-working loggers required high-calorie, filling meals. Most others list chilli and cinnamon buns as once-essential school lunch programme components. This includes Doug Wordell, a certified dietician and director of nutrition services for Spokane Public Schools in Washington, and a Spokane native who attended school in the 1970s and 1980s. Wordell recalls most vividly the aromas of cinnamon and fresh bread coming from the school cafeteria, which can still send his heart racing. He states, “It’s a lovely memory.” As a hungry, skinny young runner with a single mother raising four children, those warm school lunches were quite essential to me.

While some school cafeterias have eliminated the dish for nutritional reasons, replacing high-saturated-fat foods like cinnamon rolls with healthier, nutrient-rich alternatives, the chilli and cinnamon roll combination can still be found on the menus of restaurants in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Lincoln, Nebraska. Runza, a renowned Midwestern fast-food company founded in Nebraska in the late 1940s, serves the combination as a combo meal with a medium-sized Pepsi. In Sheridan, where my chilli-and-cinnamon-roll obsession originated, Uptown Shabby Shack Eatery & Catering periodically serves the meal as a special, placing their frosted cinnamon bun directly on the chilli bowl.

It all depends on where you grew up as to how to eat the unique combination. Singer herself is a dipper, using portions of the cinnamon roll to sop up the chilli; Maulsby eats the chilli first, the cinnamon roll second. Ultimately, this is a dish that thrives on reminiscence. Even though the Spokane school system has recently moved to offer chilli with cornbread (“We leaned more toward healthy foods and sought to decrease those sweet treat views,” says Wordell), Wordell is already daydreaming about the combination’s sweet-savoury deliciousness. “It’s one of those childhood recollections that, when I returned here 24 years ago as the director, I thought, ‘There it is!’ Now I believe it should return to our menus,” he explains.

What is the main purpose of the text?