English

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: The Joy of Travelling through Land
Research has shown that there are numerous benefits to travelling through land. A study published in
the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that individuals who took road trips reported higher
levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction compared to those who flew to their destinations. The
study attributed these findings to the sense of freedom and autonomy that comes with travelling
through land, as well as the opportunities for exploration and discovery that it provides.
Additionally, travelling through land has been found to be beneficial for mental health. Individuals who
commute by train reported lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those who drove to work.
The study suggested that this may be due to the ability to relax, read, or work during train commutes,
as well as the reduced risk of accidents and traffic congestion.
Travelling through land also allows individuals to connect with their surroundings and appreciate the
natural world. Individuals who took road trips reported feeling more connected to nature and more likely
to engage in eco-friendly behaviours, such as recycling and conserving energy.
Travelling by car can be more cost-effective than flying, particularly for shorter distances or for groups
of people. The study noted that road trips can also allow individuals to explore multiple destinations
along the way, making it a more flexible and customisable travel option.
Overall, the benefits of travelling through land are numerous and well-documented. From increased
happiness and lower stress levels to cost savings and eco-friendliness, there are compelling reasons to
consider road trips or train journeys for your next travel adventure. So, take the scenic route and enjoy
the journey – you may be pleasantly surprised by what you discover along the way.

Extract B: The Sky’s the Limit
Travelling through air has become the most popular mode of transportation, and for good reason. From
convenience to speed, there are numerous benefits to flying that make it the best option for many
travellers.
One of the primary advantages of travelling through air is speed. A study published in the Journal of Air
Transport Management found that air travel is significantly faster than other modes of transportation,
such as cars or trains. For example, a flight from New York City to Los Angeles takes approximately six
hours, while driving the same distance would take more than two days. This speed is particularly
beneficial for business travellers or those with limited vacation time, as it allows them to maximise their
time at their destination.
In addition to speed, air travel also offers convenience and accessibility. Air travel is more accessible
than other modes of transportation, particularly for long-distance travel or travel to remote destinations.
The study noted that airports are often located near major cities and are connected to public
transportation networks, making them easily accessible to travellers.
Another benefit of air travel is safety. Despite occasional high-profile incidents, air travel is statistically
much safer than other modes of transportation. Air travel has a much lower risk of accidents and
fatalities compared to driving or riding a motorcycle. Furthermore, air travel has become increasingly
eco-friendly in recent years.
Transport and Environment found that air travel has become more fuel-efficient and emits fewer
greenhouse gases per passenger than it did in previous decades. Additionally, many airlines have
implemented sustainability measures, such as using biofuels or reducing waste on flights.
Lastly, air travel offers numerous amenities that make it a comfortable and enjoyable experience. From
in-flight entertainment to comfortable seating and quality food, airlines strive to make their passengers’
travel experience as pleasant as possible.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

1 What information do each extract have that the other does not?
A. Extract A emphasises psychological benefits of land travel, while extract B focuses on practical benefits and safety of air travel.
B. Extract A highlights the inconvenience and inaccessibility of land travel, while extract B emphasises the psychological benefits of air travel.
C. Extract A emphasises why travelling through land is necessary and preferable, while extract B focuses on how air travel is the cheapest mode of transport.
D. Extract A highlights the economical and environmental drawbacks of land travel, while extract B focuses on the safety hazards brought about by air travel.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: The Joy of Travelling through Land
Research has shown that there are numerous benefits to travelling through land. A study published in
the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that individuals who took road trips reported higher
levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction compared to those who flew to their destinations. The
study attributed these findings to the sense of freedom and autonomy that comes with travelling
through land, as well as the opportunities for exploration and discovery that it provides.
Additionally, travelling through land has been found to be beneficial for mental health. Individuals who
commute by train reported lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those who drove to work.
The study suggested that this may be due to the ability to relax, read, or work during train commutes,
as well as the reduced risk of accidents and traffic congestion.
Travelling through land also allows individuals to connect with their surroundings and appreciate the
natural world. Individuals who took road trips reported feeling more connected to nature and more likely
to engage in eco-friendly behaviours, such as recycling and conserving energy.
Travelling by car can be more cost-effective than flying, particularly for shorter distances or for groups
of people. The study noted that road trips can also allow individuals to explore multiple destinations
along the way, making it a more flexible and customisable travel option.
Overall, the benefits of travelling through land are numerous and well-documented. From increased
happiness and lower stress levels to cost savings and eco-friendliness, there are compelling reasons to
consider road trips or train journeys for your next travel adventure. So, take the scenic route and enjoy
the journey – you may be pleasantly surprised by what you discover along the way.

Extract B: The Sky’s the Limit
Travelling through air has become the most popular mode of transportation, and for good reason. From
convenience to speed, there are numerous benefits to flying that make it the best option for many
travellers.
One of the primary advantages of travelling through air is speed. A study published in the Journal of Air
Transport Management found that air travel is significantly faster than other modes of transportation,
such as cars or trains. For example, a flight from New York City to Los Angeles takes approximately six
hours, while driving the same distance would take more than two days. This speed is particularly
beneficial for business travellers or those with limited vacation time, as it allows them to maximise their
time at their destination.
In addition to speed, air travel also offers convenience and accessibility. Air travel is more accessible
than other modes of transportation, particularly for long-distance travel or travel to remote destinations.
The study noted that airports are often located near major cities and are connected to public
transportation networks, making them easily accessible to travellers.
Another benefit of air travel is safety. Despite occasional high-profile incidents, air travel is statistically
much safer than other modes of transportation. Air travel has a much lower risk of accidents and
fatalities compared to driving or riding a motorcycle. Furthermore, air travel has become increasingly
eco-friendly in recent years.
Transport and Environment found that air travel has become more fuel-efficient and emits fewer
greenhouse gases per passenger than it did in previous decades. Additionally, many airlines have
implemented sustainability measures, such as using biofuels or reducing waste on flights.
Lastly, air travel offers numerous amenities that make it a comfortable and enjoyable experience. From
in-flight entertainment to comfortable seating and quality food, airlines strive to make their passengers’
travel experience as pleasant as possible.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

2 What is the theme of both extracts?
A. The environmental impact of different modes of transportation.
B. The importance of travelling for a person’s health and well-being.
C. The cultural significance of travel experiences and its economic effect.
D. The benefits of different modes of transportation for travelling.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: The Joy of Travelling through Land
Research has shown that there are numerous benefits to travelling through land. A study published in
the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that individuals who took road trips reported higher
levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction compared to those who flew to their destinations. The
study attributed these findings to the sense of freedom and autonomy that comes with travelling
through land, as well as the opportunities for exploration and discovery that it provides.
Additionally, travelling through land has been found to be beneficial for mental health. Individuals who
commute by train reported lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those who drove to work.
The study suggested that this may be due to the ability to relax, read, or work during train commutes,
as well as the reduced risk of accidents and traffic congestion.
Travelling through land also allows individuals to connect with their surroundings and appreciate the
natural world. Individuals who took road trips reported feeling more connected to nature and more likely
to engage in eco-friendly behaviours, such as recycling and conserving energy.
Travelling by car can be more cost-effective than flying, particularly for shorter distances or for groups
of people. The study noted that road trips can also allow individuals to explore multiple destinations
along the way, making it a more flexible and customisable travel option.
Overall, the benefits of travelling through land are numerous and well-documented. From increased
happiness and lower stress levels to cost savings and eco-friendliness, there are compelling reasons to
consider road trips or train journeys for your next travel adventure. So, take the scenic route and enjoy
the journey – you may be pleasantly surprised by what you discover along the way.

Extract B: The Sky’s the Limit
Travelling through air has become the most popular mode of transportation, and for good reason. From
convenience to speed, there are numerous benefits to flying that make it the best option for many
travellers.
One of the primary advantages of travelling through air is speed. A study published in the Journal of Air
Transport Management found that air travel is significantly faster than other modes of transportation,
such as cars or trains. For example, a flight from New York City to Los Angeles takes approximately six
hours, while driving the same distance would take more than two days. This speed is particularly
beneficial for business travellers or those with limited vacation time, as it allows them to maximise their
time at their destination.
In addition to speed, air travel also offers convenience and accessibility. Air travel is more accessible
than other modes of transportation, particularly for long-distance travel or travel to remote destinations.
The study noted that airports are often located near major cities and are connected to public
transportation networks, making them easily accessible to travellers.
Another benefit of air travel is safety. Despite occasional high-profile incidents, air travel is statistically
much safer than other modes of transportation. Air travel has a much lower risk of accidents and
fatalities compared to driving or riding a motorcycle. Furthermore, air travel has become increasingly
eco-friendly in recent years.
Transport and Environment found that air travel has become more fuel-efficient and emits fewer
greenhouse gases per passenger than it did in previous decades. Additionally, many airlines have
implemented sustainability measures, such as using biofuels or reducing waste on flights.
Lastly, air travel offers numerous amenities that make it a comfortable and enjoyable experience. From
in-flight entertainment to comfortable seating and quality food, airlines strive to make their passengers’
travel experience as pleasant as possible.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

3 What practical advantages do land travel and air travel offer, according to the twoextracts?
A. Land travel offers speed, accessibility, and cheaper rates while air travel offers safety andeco-friendliness.
B. Land travel offers cost-effectiveness and flexibility, while air travel offers speed, accessibility,and amenities.
C. Land travel offers better accommodation and friendlier staff while air travel offers tastier foodand snacks.
D. Land travel offers more discounts and freebies, while air travel prioritises persons withdisabilities

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: The Joy of Travelling through Land
Research has shown that there are numerous benefits to travelling through land. A study published in
the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that individuals who took road trips reported higher
levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction compared to those who flew to their destinations. The
study attributed these findings to the sense of freedom and autonomy that comes with travelling
through land, as well as the opportunities for exploration and discovery that it provides.
Additionally, travelling through land has been found to be beneficial for mental health. Individuals who
commute by train reported lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those who drove to work.
The study suggested that this may be due to the ability to relax, read, or work during train commutes,
as well as the reduced risk of accidents and traffic congestion.
Travelling through land also allows individuals to connect with their surroundings and appreciate the
natural world. Individuals who took road trips reported feeling more connected to nature and more likely
to engage in eco-friendly behaviours, such as recycling and conserving energy.
Travelling by car can be more cost-effective than flying, particularly for shorter distances or for groups
of people. The study noted that road trips can also allow individuals to explore multiple destinations
along the way, making it a more flexible and customisable travel option.
Overall, the benefits of travelling through land are numerous and well-documented. From increased
happiness and lower stress levels to cost savings and eco-friendliness, there are compelling reasons to
consider road trips or train journeys for your next travel adventure. So, take the scenic route and enjoy
the journey – you may be pleasantly surprised by what you discover along the way.

Extract B: The Sky’s the Limit
Travelling through air has become the most popular mode of transportation, and for good reason. From
convenience to speed, there are numerous benefits to flying that make it the best option for many
travellers.
One of the primary advantages of travelling through air is speed. A study published in the Journal of Air
Transport Management found that air travel is significantly faster than other modes of transportation,
such as cars or trains. For example, a flight from New York City to Los Angeles takes approximately six
hours, while driving the same distance would take more than two days. This speed is particularly
beneficial for business travellers or those with limited vacation time, as it allows them to maximise their
time at their destination.
In addition to speed, air travel also offers convenience and accessibility. Air travel is more accessible
than other modes of transportation, particularly for long-distance travel or travel to remote destinations.
The study noted that airports are often located near major cities and are connected to public
transportation networks, making them easily accessible to travellers.
Another benefit of air travel is safety. Despite occasional high-profile incidents, air travel is statistically
much safer than other modes of transportation. Air travel has a much lower risk of accidents and
fatalities compared to driving or riding a motorcycle. Furthermore, air travel has become increasingly
eco-friendly in recent years.
Transport and Environment found that air travel has become more fuel-efficient and emits fewer
greenhouse gases per passenger than it did in previous decades. Additionally, many airlines have
implemented sustainability measures, such as using biofuels or reducing waste on flights.
Lastly, air travel offers numerous amenities that make it a comfortable and enjoyable experience. From
in-flight entertainment to comfortable seating and quality food, airlines strive to make their passengers’
travel experience as pleasant as possible.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

4 How are the extracts comparable in terms of eco-friendliness?
A. Land and air travel have become less eco-friendly, with land travel promoting the use of moreplastics for wastes and air travel using more fuels that are harmful for the environment.
B. Land and air travel have become more eco-friendly, with land travel promoting the use of bikesinstead of cars and buses and air travel using smaller planes to transport passengers.
C. Land and air travel have become more eco-friendly, with land travel promoting eco-friendlybehaviours and air travel becoming more fuel-efficient and emitting fewer greenhouse gases.
D. Neither land nor air travel are eco-friendly and both practise harmful activities that canpotentially damage the environment.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: The Joy of Travelling through Land
Research has shown that there are numerous benefits to travelling through land. A study published in
the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that individuals who took road trips reported higher
levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction compared to those who flew to their destinations. The
study attributed these findings to the sense of freedom and autonomy that comes with travelling
through land, as well as the opportunities for exploration and discovery that it provides.
Additionally, travelling through land has been found to be beneficial for mental health. Individuals who
commute by train reported lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those who drove to work.
The study suggested that this may be due to the ability to relax, read, or work during train commutes,
as well as the reduced risk of accidents and traffic congestion.
Travelling through land also allows individuals to connect with their surroundings and appreciate the
natural world. Individuals who took road trips reported feeling more connected to nature and more likely
to engage in eco-friendly behaviours, such as recycling and conserving energy.
Travelling by car can be more cost-effective than flying, particularly for shorter distances or for groups
of people. The study noted that road trips can also allow individuals to explore multiple destinations
along the way, making it a more flexible and customisable travel option.
Overall, the benefits of travelling through land are numerous and well-documented. From increased
happiness and lower stress levels to cost savings and eco-friendliness, there are compelling reasons to
consider road trips or train journeys for your next travel adventure. So, take the scenic route and enjoy
the journey – you may be pleasantly surprised by what you discover along the way.

Extract B: The Sky’s the Limit
Travelling through air has become the most popular mode of transportation, and for good reason. From
convenience to speed, there are numerous benefits to flying that make it the best option for many
travellers.
One of the primary advantages of travelling through air is speed. A study published in the Journal of Air
Transport Management found that air travel is significantly faster than other modes of transportation,
such as cars or trains. For example, a flight from New York City to Los Angeles takes approximately six
hours, while driving the same distance would take more than two days. This speed is particularly
beneficial for business travellers or those with limited vacation time, as it allows them to maximise their
time at their destination.
In addition to speed, air travel also offers convenience and accessibility. Air travel is more accessible
than other modes of transportation, particularly for long-distance travel or travel to remote destinations.
The study noted that airports are often located near major cities and are connected to public
transportation networks, making them easily accessible to travellers.
Another benefit of air travel is safety. Despite occasional high-profile incidents, air travel is statistically
much safer than other modes of transportation. Air travel has a much lower risk of accidents and
fatalities compared to driving or riding a motorcycle. Furthermore, air travel has become increasingly
eco-friendly in recent years.
Transport and Environment found that air travel has become more fuel-efficient and emits fewer
greenhouse gases per passenger than it did in previous decades. Additionally, many airlines have
implemented sustainability measures, such as using biofuels or reducing waste on flights.
Lastly, air travel offers numerous amenities that make it a comfortable and enjoyable experience. From
in-flight entertainment to comfortable seating and quality food, airlines strive to make their passengers’
travel experience as pleasant as possible.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

5 Which is NOT a given fact in the extracts?
A. Air travel moves people much more quickly than other forms of transportation.
B. Particularly for long-distance or travel to far-off places, plane travel is more preferable.
C. Car travel can be more practical, especially for longer trips or for larger groups of people.
D. Those who travelled by car had greater levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction.

Read the extracts below then answer the questions that follow.

Extract A: The Joy of Travelling through Land
Research has shown that there are numerous benefits to travelling through land. A study published in
the Journal of Environmental Psychology found that individuals who took road trips reported higher
levels of happiness and overall life satisfaction compared to those who flew to their destinations. The
study attributed these findings to the sense of freedom and autonomy that comes with travelling
through land, as well as the opportunities for exploration and discovery that it provides.
Additionally, travelling through land has been found to be beneficial for mental health. Individuals who
commute by train reported lower levels of stress and anxiety compared to those who drove to work.
The study suggested that this may be due to the ability to relax, read, or work during train commutes,
as well as the reduced risk of accidents and traffic congestion.
Travelling through land also allows individuals to connect with their surroundings and appreciate the
natural world. Individuals who took road trips reported feeling more connected to nature and more likely
to engage in eco-friendly behaviours, such as recycling and conserving energy.
Travelling by car can be more cost-effective than flying, particularly for shorter distances or for groups
of people. The study noted that road trips can also allow individuals to explore multiple destinations
along the way, making it a more flexible and customisable travel option.
Overall, the benefits of travelling through land are numerous and well-documented. From increased
happiness and lower stress levels to cost savings and eco-friendliness, there are compelling reasons to
consider road trips or train journeys for your next travel adventure. So, take the scenic route and enjoy
the journey – you may be pleasantly surprised by what you discover along the way.

Extract B: The Sky’s the Limit
Travelling through air has become the most popular mode of transportation, and for good reason. From
convenience to speed, there are numerous benefits to flying that make it the best option for many
travellers.
One of the primary advantages of travelling through air is speed. A study published in the Journal of Air
Transport Management found that air travel is significantly faster than other modes of transportation,
such as cars or trains. For example, a flight from New York City to Los Angeles takes approximately six
hours, while driving the same distance would take more than two days. This speed is particularly
beneficial for business travellers or those with limited vacation time, as it allows them to maximise their
time at their destination.
In addition to speed, air travel also offers convenience and accessibility. Air travel is more accessible
than other modes of transportation, particularly for long-distance travel or travel to remote destinations.
The study noted that airports are often located near major cities and are connected to public
transportation networks, making them easily accessible to travellers.
Another benefit of air travel is safety. Despite occasional high-profile incidents, air travel is statistically
much safer than other modes of transportation. Air travel has a much lower risk of accidents and
fatalities compared to driving or riding a motorcycle. Furthermore, air travel has become increasingly
eco-friendly in recent years.
Transport and Environment found that air travel has become more fuel-efficient and emits fewer
greenhouse gases per passenger than it did in previous decades. Additionally, many airlines have
implemented sustainability measures, such as using biofuels or reducing waste on flights.
Lastly, air travel offers numerous amenities that make it a comfortable and enjoyable experience. From
in-flight entertainment to comfortable seating and quality food, airlines strive to make their passengers’
travel experience as pleasant as possible.

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

6 What can we conclude about travelling based on the extracts?
A. There are various modes of transportation available, each with its advantages, individualsshould consider their needs and preferences when choosing a mode of transportation.
B. Land travel is becoming increasingly obsolete in the age of air travel as time passes, and peopleshould focus on embracing air travel as the primary mode of transportation.
C. Air travel is always the more eco-friendly option, while land travel is always the faster option,and people should prioritise one over the other depending on their needs.
D. Both extracts promote the idea that people should travel more often, regardless of the mode oftransportation, as it can have psychological and practical benefits.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Emblems Of Friendship by John Imrie

Friendship is a golden band

Linking life with life,

Heart to heart, and hand to hand,

Antidote to strife.

Friendship is a silken cord 5

Beautiful and strong,

Guarding, by each kindly word,

Loving hearts from wrong.

Friendship is a beacon-light

On life’s rocky shore, 10

Brightest in our darkest night

When the breakers roar.

Friendship is an iron shield

Where life’s cruel darts

Ever may be forced to yield 15

Ere they wound true hearts.

Friendship is the gift of God

Freely to us given,

As the flowers that gem the sod,

Or the light of heaven! 20

What is the significance of the poem’s title, “Emblems of Friendship”?

A. The title “Emblems of Friendship” suggests that the poem is about the futility of trying to maintain friendships over long distances.
B. The title “Emblems of Friendship” indicates that the poem is a warning about the dangers of relying too heavily on friendship.
C. The title “Emblems of Friendship” implies that the poem is a celebration of the end of a friendship and the beginning of a new one.
D. The title “Emblems of Friendship” suggests that the poem explores the various symbols that represent the concept of friendship.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Emblems Of Friendship by John Imrie

Friendship is a golden band

Linking life with life,

Heart to heart, and hand to hand,

Antidote to strife.

Friendship is a silken cord 5

Beautiful and strong,

Guarding, by each kindly word,

Loving hearts from wrong.

Friendship is a beacon-light

On life’s rocky shore, 10

Brightest in our darkest night

When the breakers roar.

Friendship is an iron shield

Where life’s cruel darts

Ever may be forced to yield 15

Ere they wound true hearts.

Friendship is the gift of God

Freely to us given,

As the flowers that gem the sod,

Or the light of heaven! 20

What is the speaker’s attitude towards friendship?
A. The speaker gives a negative view of friendship as a meaningless aspect of one’s life.
B. The speaker gives a positive view of friendship as a valuable and important aspect of life.
C. The speaker gives a sceptical view of friendship, suggesting that it can cause struggles.
D. The speaker gives a neutral view of friendship, presenting it as neither positive nor negative.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Emblems Of Friendship by John Imrie

Friendship is a golden band

Linking life with life,

Heart to heart, and hand to hand,

Antidote to strife.

Friendship is a silken cord 5

Beautiful and strong,

Guarding, by each kindly word,

Loving hearts from wrong.

Friendship is a beacon-light

On life’s rocky shore, 10

Brightest in our darkest night

When the breakers roar.

Friendship is an iron shield

Where life’s cruel darts

Ever may be forced to yield 15

Ere they wound true hearts.

Friendship is the gift of God

Freely to us given,

As the flowers that gem the sod,

Or the light of heaven! 20

What does the fourth stanza mean?
A. The fourth stanza suggests that friendship can provide protection and defence against the harshrealities and challenges of life.
B. The fourth stanza suggests that friendship is fulfilling and gives a feeling of satisfaction in theface of life’s challenges and hardships.
C. The fourth stanza suggests that friendship is a weak and unreliable source of protection thatcannot withstand the hardships of life.
D. The fourth stanza suggests that friendship is a source of pain and vulnerability, leaving us opento the painful things in life.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Emblems Of Friendship by John Imrie

Friendship is a golden band

Linking life with life,

Heart to heart, and hand to hand,

Antidote to strife.

Friendship is a silken cord 5

Beautiful and strong,

Guarding, by each kindly word,

Loving hearts from wrong.

Friendship is a beacon-light

On life’s rocky shore, 10

Brightest in our darkest night

When the breakers roar.

Friendship is an iron shield

Where life’s cruel darts

Ever may be forced to yield 15

Ere they wound true hearts.

Friendship is the gift of God

Freely to us given,

As the flowers that gem the sod,

Or the light of heaven! 20

What words can you associate with the poem?
A. Enemies, anger, and forgiveness
B. School, friendship, and helping
C. Friends, protection, and strength
D. Love, romance, and partners

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Emblems Of Friendship by John Imrie

Friendship is a golden band

Linking life with life,

Heart to heart, and hand to hand,

Antidote to strife.

Friendship is a silken cord 5

Beautiful and strong,

Guarding, by each kindly word,

Loving hearts from wrong.

Friendship is a beacon-light

On life’s rocky shore, 10

Brightest in our darkest night

When the breakers roar.

Friendship is an iron shield

Where life’s cruel darts

Ever may be forced to yield 15

Ere they wound true hearts.

Friendship is the gift of God

Freely to us given,

As the flowers that gem the sod,

Or the light of heaven! 20

What does lines 1-3 mean?
A. It suggests that friendship is a valuable connection between people, emphasising the importance of connection and togetherness in friendship.
B. It suggests that friendship is an unnecessary and superficial bond between people that holds very little to no meaning or value to a person’s life.
C. It suggests that friendship is a controlling and possessive force that restricts people’s independence and freedom from doing the things they love.
D. It suggests that friendship is an exclusive bond that only certain people can have with each other, creating divisions between people.

Read the poem below then answer the questions that follow.

Emblems Of Friendship by John Imrie

Friendship is a golden band

Linking life with life,

Heart to heart, and hand to hand,

Antidote to strife.

Friendship is a silken cord 5

Beautiful and strong,

Guarding, by each kindly word,

Loving hearts from wrong.

Friendship is a beacon-light

On life’s rocky shore, 10

Brightest in our darkest night

When the breakers roar.

Friendship is an iron shield

Where life’s cruel darts

Ever may be forced to yield 15

Ere they wound true hearts.

Friendship is the gift of God

Freely to us given,

As the flowers that gem the sod,

Or the light of heaven! 20

What is the tone of the poem?

A. Positive and nostalgic
B. Negative and vengeful
C. Positive and celebratory
D. Negative and depressing

Read the article below then answer the questions.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The Incredible True Story of Disney’s Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit first appeared in the animated short “Trolly Troubles” on September 5, 1927.
The short, which is a little over six minutes long, was made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. They chose
a rabbit because there were so many animated cats on the market at the time. 13……………………
Inadvertently, Oswald led to the creation of many notable Disney characters, and years later, the
character became part of the strangest “trade” in the history of modern entertainment, only to be
forgotten about again. Critics and audiences liked Oswald almost right away. 14…………………… The
success of the Oswald shorts allowed Walt and his brother and business partner named Roy to hire
more animators. But while Walt, Roy, and Ub were happy about their success, chaos was building
behind the scenes.
Early in 1928, Mintz got tired of Walt’s demands and realised how talented he was, so he started talking
to other people about making more Oswald shorts without Walt. George Winkler, who was also a
producer on the shorts, started talking to some of Walt’s artists about joining the new venture. Iwerks,
however, wouldn’t give in. Walt went to New York to renegotiate his contract while Mintz was signing
another deal with Universal for more Oswald shorts. Walt didn’t know about Mintz’s trickery, or maybe
he just didn’t care. Mintz didn’t give Walt a raise. 15…………………… Walt scrambled to figure out
what was going on, frantically telegraphing Roy but staying positive overall. Even after he found out that
many of his animators had been hired by Universal instead of him, he worked to make a separate deal
with Universal to avoid Mintz. The character Walt made for the studio would not belong to him. What’s
more Universal suggested, as a way of salvaging things, for Mintz to take over the studio from Walt. It
was the last thing she could take. 16……………………
Legend has it that he thought of Mickey Mouse on the train ride back to New York. This is likely not
true. 17…………………… And Universal would keep making Oswald shorts until the end of the 1930s.
By then, he had been in almost 200 shorts. By the time Universal was done with him he would be
indistinguishable from the character that Walt and Ub had created – he was in full colour and he looked
weirdly realistic, in a sugary cereal salesman way.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit played a significant role in the early days of animation and the history of the
Walt Disney Company. 18…………………… From his humble beginnings in “Trolley Troubles” to his
eventual return to the Disney universe, Oswald’s story serves as a reminder of the ups and downs of
the entertainment industry and the importance of staying true to one’s creative vision.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. “Trolly Troubles” is lively and funny, and Oswald’s group of kids get a lot of fun out of it.
B. But Walt did come up with Mickey Mouse after the Oswald deal fell through, even though hewas still obligated by contract to finish the Oswald shorts.
C. They liked his unusual look, with his long, expressive ears, and how well and artfully the shortswere made.
D. Walt swore that he would never work for someone else again and that he would owneverything he made.
E. Instead, he only gave Walt the negative costs, which was about $1,000 less than what thebrothers were already making.
F. Mickey Mouse is indeed the most famous mouse in the world.
G. Despite being overshadowed by later Disney creations, Oswald’s impact on the industrycannot be denied.

Read the article below then answer the questions.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The Incredible True Story of Disney’s Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit first appeared in the animated short “Trolly Troubles” on September 5, 1927.
The short, which is a little over six minutes long, was made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. They chose
a rabbit because there were so many animated cats on the market at the time. 13……………………
Inadvertently, Oswald led to the creation of many notable Disney characters, and years later, the
character became part of the strangest “trade” in the history of modern entertainment, only to be
forgotten about again. Critics and audiences liked Oswald almost right away. 14…………………… The
success of the Oswald shorts allowed Walt and his brother and business partner named Roy to hire
more animators. But while Walt, Roy, and Ub were happy about their success, chaos was building
behind the scenes.
Early in 1928, Mintz got tired of Walt’s demands and realised how talented he was, so he started talking
to other people about making more Oswald shorts without Walt. George Winkler, who was also a
producer on the shorts, started talking to some of Walt’s artists about joining the new venture. Iwerks,
however, wouldn’t give in. Walt went to New York to renegotiate his contract while Mintz was signing
another deal with Universal for more Oswald shorts. Walt didn’t know about Mintz’s trickery, or maybe
he just didn’t care. Mintz didn’t give Walt a raise. 15…………………… Walt scrambled to figure out
what was going on, frantically telegraphing Roy but staying positive overall. Even after he found out that
many of his animators had been hired by Universal instead of him, he worked to make a separate deal
with Universal to avoid Mintz. The character Walt made for the studio would not belong to him. What’s
more Universal suggested, as a way of salvaging things, for Mintz to take over the studio from Walt. It
was the last thing she could take. 16……………………
Legend has it that he thought of Mickey Mouse on the train ride back to New York. This is likely not
true. 17…………………… And Universal would keep making Oswald shorts until the end of the 1930s.
By then, he had been in almost 200 shorts. By the time Universal was done with him he would be
indistinguishable from the character that Walt and Ub had created – he was in full colour and he looked
weirdly realistic, in a sugary cereal salesman way.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit played a significant role in the early days of animation and the history of the
Walt Disney Company. 18…………………… From his humble beginnings in “Trolley Troubles” to his
eventual return to the Disney universe, Oswald’s story serves as a reminder of the ups and downs of
the entertainment industry and the importance of staying true to one’s creative vision.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. “Trolly Troubles” is lively and funny, and Oswald’s group of kids get a lot of fun out of it.
B. But Walt did come up with Mickey Mouse after the Oswald deal fell through, even though hewas still obligated by contract to finish the Oswald shorts.
C. They liked his unusual look, with his long, expressive ears, and how well and artfully the shortswere made.
D. Walt swore that he would never work for someone else again and that he would owneverything he made.
E. Instead, he only gave Walt the negative costs, which was about $1,000 less than what thebrothers were already making.
F. Mickey Mouse is indeed the most famous mouse in the world.
G. Despite being overshadowed by later Disney creations, Oswald’s impact on the industrycannot be denied.

Read the article below then answer the questions.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The Incredible True Story of Disney’s Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit first appeared in the animated short “Trolly Troubles” on September 5, 1927.
The short, which is a little over six minutes long, was made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. They chose
a rabbit because there were so many animated cats on the market at the time. 13……………………
Inadvertently, Oswald led to the creation of many notable Disney characters, and years later, the
character became part of the strangest “trade” in the history of modern entertainment, only to be
forgotten about again. Critics and audiences liked Oswald almost right away. 14…………………… The
success of the Oswald shorts allowed Walt and his brother and business partner named Roy to hire
more animators. But while Walt, Roy, and Ub were happy about their success, chaos was building
behind the scenes.
Early in 1928, Mintz got tired of Walt’s demands and realised how talented he was, so he started talking
to other people about making more Oswald shorts without Walt. George Winkler, who was also a
producer on the shorts, started talking to some of Walt’s artists about joining the new venture. Iwerks,
however, wouldn’t give in. Walt went to New York to renegotiate his contract while Mintz was signing
another deal with Universal for more Oswald shorts. Walt didn’t know about Mintz’s trickery, or maybe
he just didn’t care. Mintz didn’t give Walt a raise. 15…………………… Walt scrambled to figure out
what was going on, frantically telegraphing Roy but staying positive overall. Even after he found out that
many of his animators had been hired by Universal instead of him, he worked to make a separate deal
with Universal to avoid Mintz. The character Walt made for the studio would not belong to him. What’s
more Universal suggested, as a way of salvaging things, for Mintz to take over the studio from Walt. It
was the last thing she could take. 16……………………
Legend has it that he thought of Mickey Mouse on the train ride back to New York. This is likely not
true. 17…………………… And Universal would keep making Oswald shorts until the end of the 1930s.
By then, he had been in almost 200 shorts. By the time Universal was done with him he would be
indistinguishable from the character that Walt and Ub had created – he was in full colour and he looked
weirdly realistic, in a sugary cereal salesman way.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit played a significant role in the early days of animation and the history of the
Walt Disney Company. 18…………………… From his humble beginnings in “Trolley Troubles” to his
eventual return to the Disney universe, Oswald’s story serves as a reminder of the ups and downs of
the entertainment industry and the importance of staying true to one’s creative vision.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. “Trolly Troubles” is lively and funny, and Oswald’s group of kids get a lot of fun out of it.
B. But Walt did come up with Mickey Mouse after the Oswald deal fell through, even though hewas still obligated by contract to finish the Oswald shorts.
C. They liked his unusual look, with his long, expressive ears, and how well and artfully the shortswere made.
D. Walt swore that he would never work for someone else again and that he would owneverything he made.
E. Instead, he only gave Walt the negative costs, which was about $1,000 less than what thebrothers were already making.
F. Mickey Mouse is indeed the most famous mouse in the world.
G. Despite being overshadowed by later Disney creations, Oswald’s impact on the industrycannot be denied.

Read the article below then answer the questions.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The Incredible True Story of Disney’s Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit first appeared in the animated short “Trolly Troubles” on September 5, 1927.
The short, which is a little over six minutes long, was made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. They chose
a rabbit because there were so many animated cats on the market at the time. 13……………………
Inadvertently, Oswald led to the creation of many notable Disney characters, and years later, the
character became part of the strangest “trade” in the history of modern entertainment, only to be
forgotten about again. Critics and audiences liked Oswald almost right away. 14…………………… The
success of the Oswald shorts allowed Walt and his brother and business partner named Roy to hire
more animators. But while Walt, Roy, and Ub were happy about their success, chaos was building
behind the scenes.
Early in 1928, Mintz got tired of Walt’s demands and realised how talented he was, so he started talking
to other people about making more Oswald shorts without Walt. George Winkler, who was also a
producer on the shorts, started talking to some of Walt’s artists about joining the new venture. Iwerks,
however, wouldn’t give in. Walt went to New York to renegotiate his contract while Mintz was signing
another deal with Universal for more Oswald shorts. Walt didn’t know about Mintz’s trickery, or maybe
he just didn’t care. Mintz didn’t give Walt a raise. 15…………………… Walt scrambled to figure out
what was going on, frantically telegraphing Roy but staying positive overall. Even after he found out that
many of his animators had been hired by Universal instead of him, he worked to make a separate deal
with Universal to avoid Mintz. The character Walt made for the studio would not belong to him. What’s
more Universal suggested, as a way of salvaging things, for Mintz to take over the studio from Walt. It
was the last thing she could take. 16……………………
Legend has it that he thought of Mickey Mouse on the train ride back to New York. This is likely not
true. 17…………………… And Universal would keep making Oswald shorts until the end of the 1930s.
By then, he had been in almost 200 shorts. By the time Universal was done with him he would be
indistinguishable from the character that Walt and Ub had created – he was in full colour and he looked
weirdly realistic, in a sugary cereal salesman way.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit played a significant role in the early days of animation and the history of the
Walt Disney Company. 18…………………… From his humble beginnings in “Trolley Troubles” to his
eventual return to the Disney universe, Oswald’s story serves as a reminder of the ups and downs of
the entertainment industry and the importance of staying true to one’s creative vision.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. “Trolly Troubles” is lively and funny, and Oswald’s group of kids get a lot of fun out of it.
B. But Walt did come up with Mickey Mouse after the Oswald deal fell through, even though hewas still obligated by contract to finish the Oswald shorts.
C. They liked his unusual look, with his long, expressive ears, and how well and artfully the shortswere made.
D. Walt swore that he would never work for someone else again and that he would owneverything he made.
E. Instead, he only gave Walt the negative costs, which was about $1,000 less than what thebrothers were already making.
F. Mickey Mouse is indeed the most famous mouse in the world.
G. Despite being overshadowed by later Disney creations, Oswald’s impact on the industrycannot be denied.

Read the article below then answer the questions.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The Incredible True Story of Disney’s Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit first appeared in the animated short “Trolly Troubles” on September 5, 1927.
The short, which is a little over six minutes long, was made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. They chose
a rabbit because there were so many animated cats on the market at the time. 13……………………
Inadvertently, Oswald led to the creation of many notable Disney characters, and years later, the
character became part of the strangest “trade” in the history of modern entertainment, only to be
forgotten about again. Critics and audiences liked Oswald almost right away. 14…………………… The
success of the Oswald shorts allowed Walt and his brother and business partner named Roy to hire
more animators. But while Walt, Roy, and Ub were happy about their success, chaos was building
behind the scenes.
Early in 1928, Mintz got tired of Walt’s demands and realised how talented he was, so he started talking
to other people about making more Oswald shorts without Walt. George Winkler, who was also a
producer on the shorts, started talking to some of Walt’s artists about joining the new venture. Iwerks,
however, wouldn’t give in. Walt went to New York to renegotiate his contract while Mintz was signing
another deal with Universal for more Oswald shorts. Walt didn’t know about Mintz’s trickery, or maybe
he just didn’t care. Mintz didn’t give Walt a raise. 15…………………… Walt scrambled to figure out
what was going on, frantically telegraphing Roy but staying positive overall. Even after he found out that
many of his animators had been hired by Universal instead of him, he worked to make a separate deal
with Universal to avoid Mintz. The character Walt made for the studio would not belong to him. What’s
more Universal suggested, as a way of salvaging things, for Mintz to take over the studio from Walt. It
was the last thing she could take. 16……………………
Legend has it that he thought of Mickey Mouse on the train ride back to New York. This is likely not
true. 17…………………… And Universal would keep making Oswald shorts until the end of the 1930s.
By then, he had been in almost 200 shorts. By the time Universal was done with him he would be
indistinguishable from the character that Walt and Ub had created – he was in full colour and he looked
weirdly realistic, in a sugary cereal salesman way.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit played a significant role in the early days of animation and the history of the
Walt Disney Company. 18…………………… From his humble beginnings in “Trolley Troubles” to his
eventual return to the Disney universe, Oswald’s story serves as a reminder of the ups and downs of
the entertainment industry and the importance of staying true to one’s creative vision.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. “Trolly Troubles” is lively and funny, and Oswald’s group of kids get a lot of fun out of it.
B. But Walt did come up with Mickey Mouse after the Oswald deal fell through, even though hewas still obligated by contract to finish the Oswald shorts.
C. They liked his unusual look, with his long, expressive ears, and how well and artfully the shortswere made.
D. Walt swore that he would never work for someone else again and that he would owneverything he made.
E. Instead, he only gave Walt the negative costs, which was about $1,000 less than what thebrothers were already making.
F. Mickey Mouse is indeed the most famous mouse in the world.
G. Despite being overshadowed by later Disney creations, Oswald’s impact on the industrycannot be denied.

Read the article below then answer the questions.

There are sentences that have been removed from the article. Choose the correct letter below
that contains the sentence that best fits in the paragraph. Take note that there is an extra
sentence which you do not need to use.

The Incredible True Story of Disney’s Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit first appeared in the animated short “Trolly Troubles” on September 5, 1927.
The short, which is a little over six minutes long, was made by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. They chose
a rabbit because there were so many animated cats on the market at the time. 13……………………
Inadvertently, Oswald led to the creation of many notable Disney characters, and years later, the
character became part of the strangest “trade” in the history of modern entertainment, only to be
forgotten about again. Critics and audiences liked Oswald almost right away. 14…………………… The
success of the Oswald shorts allowed Walt and his brother and business partner named Roy to hire
more animators. But while Walt, Roy, and Ub were happy about their success, chaos was building
behind the scenes.
Early in 1928, Mintz got tired of Walt’s demands and realised how talented he was, so he started talking
to other people about making more Oswald shorts without Walt. George Winkler, who was also a
producer on the shorts, started talking to some of Walt’s artists about joining the new venture. Iwerks,
however, wouldn’t give in. Walt went to New York to renegotiate his contract while Mintz was signing
another deal with Universal for more Oswald shorts. Walt didn’t know about Mintz’s trickery, or maybe
he just didn’t care. Mintz didn’t give Walt a raise. 15…………………… Walt scrambled to figure out
what was going on, frantically telegraphing Roy but staying positive overall. Even after he found out that
many of his animators had been hired by Universal instead of him, he worked to make a separate deal
with Universal to avoid Mintz. The character Walt made for the studio would not belong to him. What’s
more Universal suggested, as a way of salvaging things, for Mintz to take over the studio from Walt. It
was the last thing she could take. 16……………………
Legend has it that he thought of Mickey Mouse on the train ride back to New York. This is likely not
true. 17…………………… And Universal would keep making Oswald shorts until the end of the 1930s.
By then, he had been in almost 200 shorts. By the time Universal was done with him he would be
indistinguishable from the character that Walt and Ub had created – he was in full colour and he looked
weirdly realistic, in a sugary cereal salesman way.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit played a significant role in the early days of animation and the history of the
Walt Disney Company. 18…………………… From his humble beginnings in “Trolley Troubles” to his
eventual return to the Disney universe, Oswald’s story serves as a reminder of the ups and downs of
the entertainment industry and the importance of staying true to one’s creative vision.

Choose the letter of the correct sentence that best fits the missing lines in each paragraph.
A. “Trolly Troubles” is lively and funny, and Oswald’s group of kids get a lot of fun out of it.
B. But Walt did come up with Mickey Mouse after the Oswald deal fell through, even though hewas still obligated by contract to finish the Oswald shorts.
C. They liked his unusual look, with his long, expressive ears, and how well and artfully the shortswere made.
D. Walt swore that he would never work for someone else again and that he would owneverything he made.
E. Instead, he only gave Walt the negative costs, which was about $1,000 less than what thebrothers were already making.
F. Mickey Mouse is indeed the most famous mouse in the world.
G. Despite being overshadowed by later Disney creations, Oswald’s impact on the industrycannot be denied.

19 a recently recognised basic taste that is characterised by a flavorful, soupy sensoryexperience?

20 a basic taste that is typically linked with fruits and desserts and has a pleasant and luscious taste?

21 a basic taste that can occasionally be regarded as undesirable yet has advantageous effect on people’s metabolism?

22 a basic taste that consists of certain ions and is essential in a nutritious meal as it is needed for proper bodily functions?

23 a basic taste that can pave the way to teeth difficulties and deterioration but can have beneficial Beffects such as food preservation?

24 a basic taste that, when consumed in excess, may increase the risk of certain cardiac diseases?

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Beware Creeping Biophobia
Growing up in Japan, Masashi Soga enjoyed spending time outdoors catching insects and collecting
flora. His parents were not outdoor enthusiasts, but his elementary school teacher was. Soga recalls,
“They showed me how to collect and prepare specimens of butterflies. I appreciated nature quite a lot.”
This early exposure fostered Soga’s appreciation for nature and he is now an ecologist at the University
of Tokyo. Soga focuses on the mental health advantages of nature. His findings contribute to the
expanding body of scientific literature demonstrating that spending time outside has a favourable
influence on people’s health.
In Soga’s speciality, research on biophilia, which investigates the repercussions of humans’ affinity for
the natural world, is significantly more comprehensive than the study on biophobia, the dread of nature.
In contrast, Soga and a team of academics claim in a recent position paper that biophobia is a rising
phenomenon that appears to be increasing alongside urbanisation. They suggest that biophobia is
being reinforced and propagated throughout society in a vicious cycle, which can have detrimental
effects on people’s health. Current research indicates that biophobic individuals are less inclined to
support conservation initiatives, implying that increasing biophobia is also detrimental to wild
environments.
To prevent or perhaps eradicate biophobia, it is necessary to comprehend its origins. The vicious cycle
of biophobia proposed by the researchers is predicated on the notion that humans prefer to fear and
avoid suffering. Reactions such as disgust can also result in avoidance behaviour. According to Soga
and his colleagues, biophobia develops when an individual begins to perceive nature as something to
be avoided, whether as a result of direct experience, family, friends, or the media. Over time, this may
encourage someone to avoid nature more and more, or even want to eradicate it. Increasingly rare
interactions with nature can result in a sense of isolation. And because individuals generally fear the
unknown, this might exacerbate the phobia.
The ramifications of even a single person’s phobia are concerning, according to the experts. If a human
lacks the expertise to interact with wildlife in a safe manner or never learns to differentiate between
approachable and possibly hazardous species, they become ignorant of the natural world and must
avoid it. This ignorance frequently leads to the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts.
As a result, biophobia increases at the societal level and fewer individuals interact with nature. And
because individuals are reluctant to safeguard something they fear, the outcome is a cycle of
environmental degradation.
According to the study, education is vital for breaking the pattern. Several studies indicate that early
exposure to nature in a safe environment, such as with a schoolteacher or parent, has a significant
effect on children’s perspectives. Soga asserts that children are profoundly influenced by their parents’
actions. Outside of school, educational outreach initiatives in museums and parks can enhance
people’s understanding of nature. Walks led by a naturalist or hobbies such as gardening might
facilitate firsthand pleasant contacts. Soga says virtual reality can play a role in locations where access
to nature is difficult.
As cities become larger and denser, access to green space will become increasingly difficult for many,
particularly those living in low-income communities, says Linda Powers Tomasso, an environmental
health researcher specialising in human-nature interactions. She adds that people’s attention spans,
physical activity levels, and stress resistance are being badly impacted by the loss of everyday contact
with the environment, not to mention the spiritual benefits of connecting with something larger than
oneself.
While Powers Tomasso “entirely agrees” with the researchers’ ideas, she notes that there is another
attitude between biophilia and biophobia that leads to the same outcomes as biophobia: apathy. She
says, “If you don’t care about something, you won’t take the next step to safeguard it.” She explains that
this is why education, nature mentorship, and making natural and urban green spaces pleasant and
accessible are so crucial for conservation and human well-being. Tomasso states, “We only safeguard
and care for what we know and love. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will
never build a passion for it.”

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

25 According to the article, how does biophobia develop, and what are some of the factorsthat contribute to it?
A. Biophobia develops when an individual has too much exposure to the space, leading to feelingsof overwhelm and anxiety.
B. Biophobia is a cultural phenomenon and is primarily the result of urbanisation and theincreasing reliance on technology.
C. Biophobia develops when an individual starts to see the environment as something to beevaded, thus, may encourage one to avoid the environment more or even desire to eliminate it.
D. Biophobia is a result of genetics, and individuals who possess certain genes are predisposed tobecome afraid of water and nature.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Beware Creeping Biophobia
Growing up in Japan, Masashi Soga enjoyed spending time outdoors catching insects and collecting
flora. His parents were not outdoor enthusiasts, but his elementary school teacher was. Soga recalls,
“They showed me how to collect and prepare specimens of butterflies. I appreciated nature quite a lot.”
This early exposure fostered Soga’s appreciation for nature and he is now an ecologist at the University
of Tokyo. Soga focuses on the mental health advantages of nature. His findings contribute to the
expanding body of scientific literature demonstrating that spending time outside has a favourable
influence on people’s health.
In Soga’s speciality, research on biophilia, which investigates the repercussions of humans’ affinity for
the natural world, is significantly more comprehensive than the study on biophobia, the dread of nature.
In contrast, Soga and a team of academics claim in a recent position paper that biophobia is a rising
phenomenon that appears to be increasing alongside urbanisation. They suggest that biophobia is
being reinforced and propagated throughout society in a vicious cycle, which can have detrimental
effects on people’s health. Current research indicates that biophobic individuals are less inclined to
support conservation initiatives, implying that increasing biophobia is also detrimental to wild
environments.
To prevent or perhaps eradicate biophobia, it is necessary to comprehend its origins. The vicious cycle
of biophobia proposed by the researchers is predicated on the notion that humans prefer to fear and
avoid suffering. Reactions such as disgust can also result in avoidance behaviour. According to Soga
and his colleagues, biophobia develops when an individual begins to perceive nature as something to
be avoided, whether as a result of direct experience, family, friends, or the media. Over time, this may
encourage someone to avoid nature more and more, or even want to eradicate it. Increasingly rare
interactions with nature can result in a sense of isolation. And because individuals generally fear the
unknown, this might exacerbate the phobia.
The ramifications of even a single person’s phobia are concerning, according to the experts. If a human
lacks the expertise to interact with wildlife in a safe manner or never learns to differentiate between
approachable and possibly hazardous species, they become ignorant of the natural world and must
avoid it. This ignorance frequently leads to the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts.
As a result, biophobia increases at the societal level and fewer individuals interact with nature. And
because individuals are reluctant to safeguard something they fear, the outcome is a cycle of
environmental degradation.
According to the study, education is vital for breaking the pattern. Several studies indicate that early
exposure to nature in a safe environment, such as with a schoolteacher or parent, has a significant
effect on children’s perspectives. Soga asserts that children are profoundly influenced by their parents’
actions. Outside of school, educational outreach initiatives in museums and parks can enhance
people’s understanding of nature. Walks led by a naturalist or hobbies such as gardening might
facilitate firsthand pleasant contacts. Soga says virtual reality can play a role in locations where access
to nature is difficult.
As cities become larger and denser, access to green space will become increasingly difficult for many,
particularly those living in low-income communities, says Linda Powers Tomasso, an environmental
health researcher specialising in human-nature interactions. She adds that people’s attention spans,
physical activity levels, and stress resistance are being badly impacted by the loss of everyday contact
with the environment, not to mention the spiritual benefits of connecting with something larger than
oneself.
While Powers Tomasso “entirely agrees” with the researchers’ ideas, she notes that there is another
attitude between biophilia and biophobia that leads to the same outcomes as biophobia: apathy. She
says, “If you don’t care about something, you won’t take the next step to safeguard it.” She explains that
this is why education, nature mentorship, and making natural and urban green spaces pleasant and
accessible are so crucial for conservation and human well-being. Tomasso states, “We only safeguard
and care for what we know and love. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will
never build a passion for it.”

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

26 Based on the article, which of the following best describes the vicious cycle proposed bythe researchers regarding biophobia?
A. It is a result of exposure to too much nature, leading to feelings of overwhelm and anxiety.
B. It is based on the idea that people choose to be afraid and to keep away from enduring pain ordistress.
C. It is based on the idea that people are naturally inclined to love and protect nature, but becomedisillusioned by negative experiences.
D. It is a product of a lack of access to the city, leading to a sense of disconnection.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Beware Creeping Biophobia
Growing up in Japan, Masashi Soga enjoyed spending time outdoors catching insects and collecting
flora. His parents were not outdoor enthusiasts, but his elementary school teacher was. Soga recalls,
“They showed me how to collect and prepare specimens of butterflies. I appreciated nature quite a lot.”
This early exposure fostered Soga’s appreciation for nature and he is now an ecologist at the University
of Tokyo. Soga focuses on the mental health advantages of nature. His findings contribute to the
expanding body of scientific literature demonstrating that spending time outside has a favourable
influence on people’s health.
In Soga’s speciality, research on biophilia, which investigates the repercussions of humans’ affinity for
the natural world, is significantly more comprehensive than the study on biophobia, the dread of nature.
In contrast, Soga and a team of academics claim in a recent position paper that biophobia is a rising
phenomenon that appears to be increasing alongside urbanisation. They suggest that biophobia is
being reinforced and propagated throughout society in a vicious cycle, which can have detrimental
effects on people’s health. Current research indicates that biophobic individuals are less inclined to
support conservation initiatives, implying that increasing biophobia is also detrimental to wild
environments.
To prevent or perhaps eradicate biophobia, it is necessary to comprehend its origins. The vicious cycle
of biophobia proposed by the researchers is predicated on the notion that humans prefer to fear and
avoid suffering. Reactions such as disgust can also result in avoidance behaviour. According to Soga
and his colleagues, biophobia develops when an individual begins to perceive nature as something to
be avoided, whether as a result of direct experience, family, friends, or the media. Over time, this may
encourage someone to avoid nature more and more, or even want to eradicate it. Increasingly rare
interactions with nature can result in a sense of isolation. And because individuals generally fear the
unknown, this might exacerbate the phobia.
The ramifications of even a single person’s phobia are concerning, according to the experts. If a human
lacks the expertise to interact with wildlife in a safe manner or never learns to differentiate between
approachable and possibly hazardous species, they become ignorant of the natural world and must
avoid it. This ignorance frequently leads to the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts.
As a result, biophobia increases at the societal level and fewer individuals interact with nature. And
because individuals are reluctant to safeguard something they fear, the outcome is a cycle of
environmental degradation.
According to the study, education is vital for breaking the pattern. Several studies indicate that early
exposure to nature in a safe environment, such as with a schoolteacher or parent, has a significant
effect on children’s perspectives. Soga asserts that children are profoundly influenced by their parents’
actions. Outside of school, educational outreach initiatives in museums and parks can enhance
people’s understanding of nature. Walks led by a naturalist or hobbies such as gardening might
facilitate firsthand pleasant contacts. Soga says virtual reality can play a role in locations where access
to nature is difficult.
As cities become larger and denser, access to green space will become increasingly difficult for many,
particularly those living in low-income communities, says Linda Powers Tomasso, an environmental
health researcher specialising in human-nature interactions. She adds that people’s attention spans,
physical activity levels, and stress resistance are being badly impacted by the loss of everyday contact
with the environment, not to mention the spiritual benefits of connecting with something larger than
oneself.
While Powers Tomasso “entirely agrees” with the researchers’ ideas, she notes that there is another
attitude between biophilia and biophobia that leads to the same outcomes as biophobia: apathy. She
says, “If you don’t care about something, you won’t take the next step to safeguard it.” She explains that
this is why education, nature mentorship, and making natural and urban green spaces pleasant and
accessible are so crucial for conservation and human well-being. Tomasso states, “We only safeguard
and care for what we know and love. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will
never build a passion for it.”

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

27 Why is an increase in biophobia hazardous to wild habitats?
A. It frequently results in a lack of support for environmental preservation efforts.
B. It leads to an increase in the population of wild species, which can be harmful to their habitats.
C. It leads to a decrease in the number of predators, resulting in an overpopulation of prey species.
D. It encourages people to spend more time in nature, leading to overcrowding and habitat destruction.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Beware Creeping Biophobia
Growing up in Japan, Masashi Soga enjoyed spending time outdoors catching insects and collecting
flora. His parents were not outdoor enthusiasts, but his elementary school teacher was. Soga recalls,
“They showed me how to collect and prepare specimens of butterflies. I appreciated nature quite a lot.”
This early exposure fostered Soga’s appreciation for nature and he is now an ecologist at the University
of Tokyo. Soga focuses on the mental health advantages of nature. His findings contribute to the
expanding body of scientific literature demonstrating that spending time outside has a favourable
influence on people’s health.
In Soga’s speciality, research on biophilia, which investigates the repercussions of humans’ affinity for
the natural world, is significantly more comprehensive than the study on biophobia, the dread of nature.
In contrast, Soga and a team of academics claim in a recent position paper that biophobia is a rising
phenomenon that appears to be increasing alongside urbanisation. They suggest that biophobia is
being reinforced and propagated throughout society in a vicious cycle, which can have detrimental
effects on people’s health. Current research indicates that biophobic individuals are less inclined to
support conservation initiatives, implying that increasing biophobia is also detrimental to wild
environments.
To prevent or perhaps eradicate biophobia, it is necessary to comprehend its origins. The vicious cycle
of biophobia proposed by the researchers is predicated on the notion that humans prefer to fear and
avoid suffering. Reactions such as disgust can also result in avoidance behaviour. According to Soga
and his colleagues, biophobia develops when an individual begins to perceive nature as something to
be avoided, whether as a result of direct experience, family, friends, or the media. Over time, this may
encourage someone to avoid nature more and more, or even want to eradicate it. Increasingly rare
interactions with nature can result in a sense of isolation. And because individuals generally fear the
unknown, this might exacerbate the phobia.
The ramifications of even a single person’s phobia are concerning, according to the experts. If a human
lacks the expertise to interact with wildlife in a safe manner or never learns to differentiate between
approachable and possibly hazardous species, they become ignorant of the natural world and must
avoid it. This ignorance frequently leads to the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts.
As a result, biophobia increases at the societal level and fewer individuals interact with nature. And
because individuals are reluctant to safeguard something they fear, the outcome is a cycle of
environmental degradation.
According to the study, education is vital for breaking the pattern. Several studies indicate that early
exposure to nature in a safe environment, such as with a schoolteacher or parent, has a significant
effect on children’s perspectives. Soga asserts that children are profoundly influenced by their parents’
actions. Outside of school, educational outreach initiatives in museums and parks can enhance
people’s understanding of nature. Walks led by a naturalist or hobbies such as gardening might
facilitate firsthand pleasant contacts. Soga says virtual reality can play a role in locations where access
to nature is difficult.
As cities become larger and denser, access to green space will become increasingly difficult for many,
particularly those living in low-income communities, says Linda Powers Tomasso, an environmental
health researcher specialising in human-nature interactions. She adds that people’s attention spans,
physical activity levels, and stress resistance are being badly impacted by the loss of everyday contact
with the environment, not to mention the spiritual benefits of connecting with something larger than
oneself.
While Powers Tomasso “entirely agrees” with the researchers’ ideas, she notes that there is another
attitude between biophilia and biophobia that leads to the same outcomes as biophobia: apathy. She
says, “If you don’t care about something, you won’t take the next step to safeguard it.” She explains that
this is why education, nature mentorship, and making natural and urban green spaces pleasant and
accessible are so crucial for conservation and human well-being. Tomasso states, “We only safeguard
and care for what we know and love. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will
never build a passion for it.”

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

28 What is the significance of the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts as mentioned in the article?
A. It has no significant effect on the societal development of biophobia.
B. It can aid in preventing the development and continuous spread of biophobia in society.
C. It can perpetuate misconceptions, leading to further ignorance and fear of nature, contributing to
the development of biophobia at a societal level.
D. It can result in a more knowledgeable view of nature, as well as an informed perspective on nature.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Beware Creeping Biophobia
Growing up in Japan, Masashi Soga enjoyed spending time outdoors catching insects and collecting
flora. His parents were not outdoor enthusiasts, but his elementary school teacher was. Soga recalls,
“They showed me how to collect and prepare specimens of butterflies. I appreciated nature quite a lot.”
This early exposure fostered Soga’s appreciation for nature and he is now an ecologist at the University
of Tokyo. Soga focuses on the mental health advantages of nature. His findings contribute to the
expanding body of scientific literature demonstrating that spending time outside has a favourable
influence on people’s health.
In Soga’s speciality, research on biophilia, which investigates the repercussions of humans’ affinity for
the natural world, is significantly more comprehensive than the study on biophobia, the dread of nature.
In contrast, Soga and a team of academics claim in a recent position paper that biophobia is a rising
phenomenon that appears to be increasing alongside urbanisation. They suggest that biophobia is
being reinforced and propagated throughout society in a vicious cycle, which can have detrimental
effects on people’s health. Current research indicates that biophobic individuals are less inclined to
support conservation initiatives, implying that increasing biophobia is also detrimental to wild
environments.
To prevent or perhaps eradicate biophobia, it is necessary to comprehend its origins. The vicious cycle
of biophobia proposed by the researchers is predicated on the notion that humans prefer to fear and
avoid suffering. Reactions such as disgust can also result in avoidance behaviour. According to Soga
and his colleagues, biophobia develops when an individual begins to perceive nature as something to
be avoided, whether as a result of direct experience, family, friends, or the media. Over time, this may
encourage someone to avoid nature more and more, or even want to eradicate it. Increasingly rare
interactions with nature can result in a sense of isolation. And because individuals generally fear the
unknown, this might exacerbate the phobia.
The ramifications of even a single person’s phobia are concerning, according to the experts. If a human
lacks the expertise to interact with wildlife in a safe manner or never learns to differentiate between
approachable and possibly hazardous species, they become ignorant of the natural world and must
avoid it. This ignorance frequently leads to the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts.
As a result, biophobia increases at the societal level and fewer individuals interact with nature. And
because individuals are reluctant to safeguard something they fear, the outcome is a cycle of
environmental degradation.
According to the study, education is vital for breaking the pattern. Several studies indicate that early
exposure to nature in a safe environment, such as with a schoolteacher or parent, has a significant
effect on children’s perspectives. Soga asserts that children are profoundly influenced by their parents’
actions. Outside of school, educational outreach initiatives in museums and parks can enhance
people’s understanding of nature. Walks led by a naturalist or hobbies such as gardening might
facilitate firsthand pleasant contacts. Soga says virtual reality can play a role in locations where access
to nature is difficult.
As cities become larger and denser, access to green space will become increasingly difficult for many,
particularly those living in low-income communities, says Linda Powers Tomasso, an environmental
health researcher specialising in human-nature interactions. She adds that people’s attention spans,
physical activity levels, and stress resistance are being badly impacted by the loss of everyday contact
with the environment, not to mention the spiritual benefits of connecting with something larger than
oneself.
While Powers Tomasso “entirely agrees” with the researchers’ ideas, she notes that there is another
attitude between biophilia and biophobia that leads to the same outcomes as biophobia: apathy. She
says, “If you don’t care about something, you won’t take the next step to safeguard it.” She explains that
this is why education, nature mentorship, and making natural and urban green spaces pleasant and
accessible are so crucial for conservation and human well-being. Tomasso states, “We only safeguard
and care for what we know and love. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will
never build a passion for it.”

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

29 Which of the following is NOT a way individuals and society as a whole promote education and awareness of nature?
A. Participating in outdoor activities to connect with nature and experience the world beyond our daily routines.
B. Supporting environmental education programs to raise awareness about environmental issues and inspire positive change.
C. Consuming media that present full and accurate information about the natural world to stay informed and engaged with environmental issues.
D. Attending museum educational programs with the goal of receiving personal donations or attention on social media.

Read the article below then answer the questions that follow.

Beware Creeping Biophobia
Growing up in Japan, Masashi Soga enjoyed spending time outdoors catching insects and collecting
flora. His parents were not outdoor enthusiasts, but his elementary school teacher was. Soga recalls,
“They showed me how to collect and prepare specimens of butterflies. I appreciated nature quite a lot.”
This early exposure fostered Soga’s appreciation for nature and he is now an ecologist at the University
of Tokyo. Soga focuses on the mental health advantages of nature. His findings contribute to the
expanding body of scientific literature demonstrating that spending time outside has a favourable
influence on people’s health.
In Soga’s speciality, research on biophilia, which investigates the repercussions of humans’ affinity for
the natural world, is significantly more comprehensive than the study on biophobia, the dread of nature.
In contrast, Soga and a team of academics claim in a recent position paper that biophobia is a rising
phenomenon that appears to be increasing alongside urbanisation. They suggest that biophobia is
being reinforced and propagated throughout society in a vicious cycle, which can have detrimental
effects on people’s health. Current research indicates that biophobic individuals are less inclined to
support conservation initiatives, implying that increasing biophobia is also detrimental to wild
environments.
To prevent or perhaps eradicate biophobia, it is necessary to comprehend its origins. The vicious cycle
of biophobia proposed by the researchers is predicated on the notion that humans prefer to fear and
avoid suffering. Reactions such as disgust can also result in avoidance behaviour. According to Soga
and his colleagues, biophobia develops when an individual begins to perceive nature as something to
be avoided, whether as a result of direct experience, family, friends, or the media. Over time, this may
encourage someone to avoid nature more and more, or even want to eradicate it. Increasingly rare
interactions with nature can result in a sense of isolation. And because individuals generally fear the
unknown, this might exacerbate the phobia.
The ramifications of even a single person’s phobia are concerning, according to the experts. If a human
lacks the expertise to interact with wildlife in a safe manner or never learns to differentiate between
approachable and possibly hazardous species, they become ignorant of the natural world and must
avoid it. This ignorance frequently leads to the dissemination of sensationalist articles and false facts.
As a result, biophobia increases at the societal level and fewer individuals interact with nature. And
because individuals are reluctant to safeguard something they fear, the outcome is a cycle of
environmental degradation.
According to the study, education is vital for breaking the pattern. Several studies indicate that early
exposure to nature in a safe environment, such as with a schoolteacher or parent, has a significant
effect on children’s perspectives. Soga asserts that children are profoundly influenced by their parents’
actions. Outside of school, educational outreach initiatives in museums and parks can enhance
people’s understanding of nature. Walks led by a naturalist or hobbies such as gardening might
facilitate firsthand pleasant contacts. Soga says virtual reality can play a role in locations where access
to nature is difficult.
As cities become larger and denser, access to green space will become increasingly difficult for many,
particularly those living in low-income communities, says Linda Powers Tomasso, an environmental
health researcher specialising in human-nature interactions. She adds that people’s attention spans,
physical activity levels, and stress resistance are being badly impacted by the loss of everyday contact
with the environment, not to mention the spiritual benefits of connecting with something larger than
oneself.
While Powers Tomasso “entirely agrees” with the researchers’ ideas, she notes that there is another
attitude between biophilia and biophobia that leads to the same outcomes as biophobia: apathy. She
says, “If you don’t care about something, you won’t take the next step to safeguard it.” She explains that
this is why education, nature mentorship, and making natural and urban green spaces pleasant and
accessible are so crucial for conservation and human well-being. Tomasso states, “We only safeguard
and care for what we know and love. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will
never build a passion for it.”

Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the best answer.

30 In the last paragraph, Tomasso said, “We only safeguard and care for what we know andlove. If we never have the chance to get to know something, we will never build a passion for it.” What is her point for saying this?
A. Her point is that people will care for and protect nature regardless of their level of exposure to it.
B. She argues that individuals should be discouraged from interacting with nature to prevent the development of biophobia.
C. She emphasises the significance of people developing a connection with nature and creatingopportunities, leading to an appreciation for nature, which could promote conservation efforts.
D. She is implying that people are naturally inclined to protect the environment, regardless of their experiences or knowledge