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Jessica’s science class conducted an experiment on candle carousels as a demonstration of heat applications. When she did the experiment, she observed that the candle carousel blew up when one of its blades started moving. She heard another explosion and saw that one of her classmates’ experiments also exploded. |
Jessica: “Everyone, stop what you’re doing! The blades will make the candle carousels explode!”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Jessica has made?
A. Jessica’s argument is based on incorrect data about the dynamics behind the working mechanism of carousels.
B. The argument fails to provide a logical link as to how an explosion is likely in candy carousels.
C. It is not right for Jessica to conduct an experiment based on hearsay.
D. Jessica makes the mistake of assuming the cause for the explosion is the movement of the blades of the candy carousel.
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Jenny conducted an experiment on eggs in salt water as an example of how salt concentration levels affect the buoyancy of an object in sea. She concluded that because the addition of salt in water increased the density of water, resulting in the eggs to float, seawater, which has high concentrations of salt, prompts anything to float in it. Jenny then thought of something. |
Jenny: “Buying an inflatable pool and filling it with large amounts of salt sounds like a great idea if I want to practice my backstroke.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Jenny has made?
A. Jenny’s conclusion about a way to improve backstrokes is unsubstantiated in this paragraph.
B. There is insufficient evidence in the paragraph to either confirm or deny Jenny’s argument about salt concentration and its relevance to buoyancy.
C. Jenny enjoys practising her backstrokes, prompting her to make an assertion about the effectiveness of filling an inflatable pool with salt.
D. Jenny assumes that the presence of large amounts of salt in any body of water will cause anything to float in it.
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The Steve Xu Exam is regarded as one of the most competitive and gruelling exams in all of Australia. Billions of students worldwide take the exam every year in hopes of achieving the highly revered internship at Scholarly. To be successful applicants must excel in the following three areas:
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Ketut: “This exam is rigged if you’re not from a native English speaking country, there’s no way you’ll pass the exam.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Ketut has made?
A. English requires strong vocabulary and therefore is difficult to teach.
B. Some people from non-native speaking countries can speak English fluently.
C. Ketut makes the mistake of assuming there’s only one way to pass the exam.
D. Ketut lacks self-esteem and is unconfident in his capability.
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Meditation is a supplementary treatment for the mind and body. Meditation can help people achieve a deep state of relaxation that leads to a calm mind. When meditating, one needs to do the following:
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Mariah: “When we are having troubles at school, especially when we are receiving poor grades on our examinations, all we need to do is meditate. The gradients of positive energy will rapidly overwhelm problems. The music will help us clear our minds and focus on our inner serenity. We will feel as if we have been given a new lease on life after meditating.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Mariah has made?
A. Mariah positioned meditation as an easy fix to complicated problems that actually require concrete plans of action that target the root cause of the problem.
B. Mariah fails to recommend the type of music one needs to listen to when diving into deep meditation
C. In the absence of scientific data to back up her claim, Mariah haphazardly claims that meditation is considered a medicinal treatment of some sort.
D. Mariah makes comments about meditation when she herself isn’t an acclaimed and established meditation expert.
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In Tracey’s Maths class, the teacher assigned them to do any creative geometric design. Tracey asked her classmate, Hill, about Geometric Designs. To this, Hill responded, “Geometric design is a fun trend that emphasises the simplicity of combining different shapes, lines, and curves for unique effects.” The next day after that, Tracey and Hill showed each other the assignment they made and both were so excited to let the other one see their work because they were proud of what they’ve accomplished. Hill’s had incorporated so many shapes and colours while Tracey’s only had a square, a circle, and three colours. |
Tracey: “You told me geometric designs focused on the “simplicity” of combining these elements. How come yours looks so extravagant and detailed?”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Tracey has made?
A. Tracey came up with the wrong assignment and blamed Hill.
B. Tracey interpreted Hill’s definition literally, implicitly putting Hill at a position of fault for the results of her work.
C. In what was intended to be a subjective and personal job, Tracey used objective criteria based on Hill’s output.
D. Tracey did not work hard enough to accomplish an assignment she could be proud of.
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An interesting phenomenon that amazes Gwen is the concept of anti-gravity in space. Astronauts on space stations orbiting the Earth experience weightlessness because their spacecraft’s orbit is constantly changing in velocity to avoid being drawn into the atmosphere. Some people think that there is no gravity in space. However, there is a small quantity of gravity everywhere in space; nevertheless, gravity weakens with distance. It is feasible for a spacecraft to go far enough away from Earth for the occupants to experience relatively little gravity. |
Gwen: “If astronauts travel to Neptune, they will experience zero gravity and will have no sense of their own weight.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Gwen has made?
A. Gwen assumes that because distance and gravity are inversely proportional, humans will eventually reach zero weight.
B. Gwen should not express her thoughts about space because she is not an astronaut.
C. Gwen didn’t undertake an experiment to back up her claim.
D. Gwen did not take into consideration exercise and diet as factors in achieving weight loss.
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Randy came across his father’s Guinness World Record collection. The Guinness World Records is an annual reference book that lists world records for both human achievements and natural world extremes. To be part of the Guinness World Record, the following metric must be achieved:
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Randy: “If one does not have a record-breaking accomplishment in the Guinness World Record, then they cannot claim to be distinctive or special.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Randy has made?
A. Randy just needs to wait for his friends to set their own record at the Guinness World Records because it is still in the search for highly exceptional individuals.
B. A person’s worth is measured by the Guinness World Record.
C. Just because you aren’t listed in the Guinness World Records right now doesn’t mean you won’t be in the future.
D. The Guinness World Record is not the gold standard for a fulfilling life, hence it is not required to hold a record there.
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Jocelyn was baking a chocolate cake for her sister’s birthday. She had never made one before, but she had seen plenty of recipes online. She gathered all of the ingredients and got to work. The batter was easy enough to make, and she had it in the oven in no time. She couldn’t wait to see how it turned out! When her sister tasted the cake, she didn’t like it. Her sister then asked her why the cake tasted so bad. |
Jocelyn: “I followed a recipe I found online. It’s made by a person named Aunt Sal. I took a look at her profile and saw that she’s vegan. That must be the reason the apple pie tastes so bad. Vegans don’t know flavour!”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Jocelyn has made?
A. Jocelyn attacked a subject that is not necessarily relevant to the point her sister made.
B. It is impossible to draw a conclusion from the provided data in this case.
C. Jocelyn does not know how to perfect a chocolate cake.
D. Jocelyn’s conclusion is founded on personal choice.
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Trent was preparing for his basketball game by training every day. He is determined to win. He knows that the other team is tough, but he’s confident in his abilities. He lifted weights, ran sprints, and practised layups until his hands were blistered. All of his hard work was paying off; he felt stronger and more agile than ever. During game day, Trent’s team loses. |
Trent: “No way could they have won that game. I trained so hard for this!”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Trent has made?
A. Trent makes the mistake of assuming that training automatically translates to team success when there are alternative options he hasn’t considered.
B. Trent assumes that a particular line of action will inevitably result in a series of subsequent occurrences.
C. Trent personally attacked the winning team’s players.
D. Trent is not showing good sportsmanship because he cannot accept defeat.
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Brenda always wondered why she looked exactly like her father, and so she asked him. Her father explained that it was because of genes. Brenda was fascinated by this and wanted to know more. Her father told her that genes were like instructions for how a person should look. He showed her an example by picking up a book and opening it to a random page. Brenda saw that there were tiny letters all over the page. Her father explained that these letters were called DNA and that they contained the genetic information for how a person should look. Brenda was mind blown by this information. |
Brenda: “Oh, I see! I think I’m beautiful and I now know I got it from you, Dad. I guess children who don’t look as attractive as me have faulty DNA.”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Brenda has made?
A. Brenda deliberately confused his father by twisting his explanation about DNA.
B. Brenda asserted something based on a few examples.
C. Brenda’s argument about children’s physical appearance incorrectly concludes that irregularities are caused by a DNA defect.
D. Brenda made circular arguments that didn’t make sense from a scientific perspective.
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Jacob loves playing with his Hot Wheels. His mom always tells him not to play in the living room, but he can’t help it. He’s just so excited to race his cars around. Jacob was out racing his vehicles one day when he heard a loud boom. When he glanced back, one of his automobiles had hit the TV! His mom was enraged. |
Mom: “These Hot Wheels can wreak havoc. Stop fiddling with it and watch some YouTube videos instead.”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake mom has made?
A. Some people’s views on youngsters wreaking havoc may not be represented by a representative sample of children playing Hot Wheels.
B. According to Jacob’s Mom, a person, an institution, or a thought is only valuable if its origins can be traced back to owning a Hot Wheels toy.
C. There is no evidence to support or deny Jacob’s Mom’s claim that playing with Hot Wheels causes damage.
D. In order to keep her son from playing with his Hot Wheels, Jacob’s mother hastily makes a conclusion about Hot Wheels without the necessary evidence to back it up.
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Charlie heard a story from his friend Peter about Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory. Peter said that he won the golden ticket and was able to go inside Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory. Charlie was amazed at his story and thought that it was a great experience for Peter. |
Charlie: “That sounds cool, Peter! I’m sure that what you are saying about Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory is true. No one can prove that Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory doesn’t exist. So it must exist!”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Charlie has made?
A. Using facts given by an untrustworthy source, Peter, Charlie asserts that Willy Wonka’s Factory is a fraud.
B. Charlie’s argument regarding Willy Wonka is based on a sample that is not necessarily typical of the majority of individuals who believe in Willy Wonka.
C. Charlie has concluded that WW’s Chocolate Factory must exist purely because it hasn’t been proven that it doesn’t exist.
D. There’s no way to draw a conclusion about Willy Wonka from the information presented here.
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Philip had learned how to ride a bike at a very young age. By the time he was six years old, he could ride around the neighbourhood with ease. His dad would take him to the park and he would pedal around for hours on end. He loved the feeling of freedom that came with riding a bike. His mom named Marisa, on the other hand, does not like the idea of Philip riding the bike. |
Marisa: “Now that Philip knows how to ride a bike, what’s next? He’d learn how to drive a car, then fly a spaceship so he could go to outer space? That’s so dangerous!”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Marisa has made?
A. The argument equates riding a bike to people flying a spaceship and going to outer space and will set off a series of events, in spite of the fact that no logical proof was provided.
B. Unreliable data is used to support the claim made by Marissa about Philip riding a bike.
C. Marisa has assumed that Philip is smart enough to learn how to fly a spaceship.
D. Marisa has attacked Philp’s dad in order to deter Philip from riding his bike.
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When John was still a kid, his teacher told him about Atlantis. It was this amazing city that sank beneath the waves thousands of years ago. It’s a beautiful city, with crystal-clear water and white sand beaches. But even then, John was not sure if Atlantis really existed nor if the stories were true. |
John: “No one can prove that Atlantis doesn’t exist, so Atlantis must be real!”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake John has made?
A. In his Atlantis argument, John is confusing cause and effect.
B. Because no one can show that Atlantis does not exist, John has concluded that it must be real.
C. What John stated regarding Atlantis makes it hard to draw any conclusions.
D. Data that does not support John’s assertion regarding Atlantis is used to back it up.
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Shayla showed her new guitar string bracelet to Tiffany. She liked it because it is so unique and special. However, Tiffany disagreed with her because she’d seen hundreds of similar bracelets a few weeks ago being sold on Ebay. |
Shayla: “I don’t believe you, Tiffany. You are just jealous of my bracelet because you can’t afford to buy one.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Shayla has made?
A. The conclusion made by Shayla directly contradicts the first claim that Tiffany is jealous.
B. Tiffany’s socioeconomic level was utilised by Shayla to discredit her view about the bracelet’s uniqueness.
C. The data on which Shayla’s argument is based is inaccurate.
D. From a small sample of people that Shayla has talked to, it may not necessarily reflect the majority of people’s views with regards to people wearing bracelets.
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Stacey and Blanche argued about which drink was better: coffee or tea. It was a debate that had been going on for years. One day, they got into a heated argument about which drink is better. “Coffee is the best drink in the world!” Stacey exclaimed. “There’s nothing like the smell or taste of fresh coffee.” To this, Blanche replied “I couldn’t disagree more. Tea is the king of drinks. It’s so versatile and can be enjoyed any time of day.” They settled this once and for all by asking random strangers about their preferences. |
Stacey: “What is the best drink between coffee and tea?”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Stacey has made?
A. Stacey assumed that all people are either coffee lovers or tea lovers as evidenced when she merely presented two options to choose from.
B. Stacey strong-armed the public into supporting controversial choices.
C. Stacey referenced something general and then made a conclusion about something more specific.
D. Stacey wasted the strangers’ time for something she could resolve with Blanche.
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Ethan was on his way to a café to meet his friend Izzy to discuss their plans for their camping trip the day after. Suddenly it started to rain. He was going to reach for his umbrella in his bag, but he remembered that he left it at home. So he ran and quickly made his way to the café but still ended up being soaked by the time he got there. |
Ethan: “Man, sorry I’m late. It’s because of this rain. I can’t believe I brought my umbrella with me the whole week last week and it didn’t rain at all. But now that I forgot to bring it with me, it’s pouring hard. Maybe I should bring it with me tomorrow so we won’t get rained on while out camping.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Ethan has made?
A. Bringing an umbrella and raining are not related and it is merely coincidental.
B. His statement is based on biassed evidence.
C. He made an inappropriate comparison to two different ideas.
D. He used the fact that he forgot his umbrella to shift attention away from his tardiness.
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Shane bought a birthday present for himself. It was the latest Android phone model. He showed it to his friends. One of them asked why he didn’t buy an iPhone instead. |
Shane: “I prefer Android because according to data, 70% of the total number of people with mobile phones are Android users.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Shane has made?
A. Shane chose to follow what the majority of the people chose.
B. Shane assumes that his opinion is correct and superior because it’s his birthday and he is rich enough to buy a new phone.
C. Shane believes Android is better because there is no statistical data that shows otherwise.
D. Shane only focused on two mobile phone options when there are plenty of other alternatives to the Android and iPhone.
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Jacob and his mom were riding a bus while going home. His mom said dinosaurs never went extinct at all. They evolved into different animals and just disappeared from our sight. It’s an interesting idea to think about. |
Jacob: “It’s possible, Mom. Last week, our Science instructor and I had a lengthy discussion on this same topic.”
Which of the following sentences show the mistake Jacob has made?
A. Jacob used an authority’s opinion to support his argument about the dinosaurs.
B. His mom and the teacher have the same opinion.
C. Dinosaurs are extinct.
D. There is no evidence that dinosaurs were never gone.
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Jade reads an article about health. The article states that according to recent research from the University of Illinois, pizza may be the most significant contributor to childhood obesity in the United States. Children consume much more fat, calories, and sodium on days when they eat pizza. In an unexpected finding, it was discovered that eating pizza as a snack was less healthy than eating it as a meal. |
Jade: “My brother is a bit of an odd one. He eats nothing but cheeseburgers and pizza, and yet he’s as thin as a rake. Some people might say that he has an unhealthy obsession with fast food, but I know better. The truth is, cheeseburgers and pizza aren’t the cause of obesity – they’re the cure!”
Which of the following sentences shows the mistake Jade has made?
A. Jade does not recognize that her brother may be very active, there could be multiple reasons for his desire for junk food.
B. Jade made the mistake of asserting that eating pizza and cheeseburgers is a proven solution to obesity.
C. Jade has used irrelevant information to distract from the point.
D. Jade’s brother could be lying.